Svea Ashe DBQ
According to the following documents, how did the expansion of trade in the postclassical period conflict or not conflict with the dominant religious and philisophical systems? Trade had both positive and negative views from religious and philosophical system, depending on the area.
At first muslims held a negative views about trading, thinking that it was a sin. Muhammad, a trader himself, told people that trading is not a sin, provided that the traders are not being dishonest and sinful.(doc#1) Overall they had a positive view on trading. The essential thing Muhammad was trying to get at was that honesty was very important. "The buyer and the seller have the right to keep or return goods ; and if both parties spoke the truth.." -Muhammad. What he's saying is that people have the right to trade and what their religion is concerned about is keeping their honesty.
Saint Godric, a british merchant, views trade as a practical career for boys to learn good life skills. He describes trade as "prudent" . According to him, a person in trade would grow to be wise, have good bargaining economical , and mathematical skills.(doc.#3) Over all he has a positive view on trading.
Zang Han' essay on merchants states that merchants are wise, rich, and popular with girls.(doc#6) He says that money and profit is of great importance to men. However, Han says that merchants do think they know everything, all the "possible transformations in the universe."
Ibn khaldun gives a different muslim view on the characteristics of traders. he says that traders are inferior to rulers, they are not manly or upright. He also says that traders are not virtuous, and that they support flattery, evaisivness, litigation and disputation.(doc#2) overall he has a negative view on trading. What was important to him was how the traders carry themselves, and to him they were non-virtuous inferior, ect.
Pope Innocent the III had a similar view, although his was a more practical approach. He said that prehaps cities were too dependant on trade, and how the merchants shouldn't be aiding enemy cities. (doc.#4)The essential thing Pope Innocent was trying to get at was how trading was having a negative affect on cities.
Another negative view on trading was from Humbart de Romans, who talks about medieval fairs and markets. His main problem was that since there was trading the market was open everyday, and men were missing the divine office to go to the marketplace. Also there was drinking and violence at these places. (doc.#5) The essential thing that Humbart was trying to get at was that men were missing holy days to visit the market place.
Merchants caused both conflicts and non-conflicts for civilizations, based on their religion, custons, ect. A lot of times people did not like merchants because of their attitudes, but people who liked merchants thought they were wise and benificial. One document that isnt here that I would like to be here is a document from India. India was a big civilization with trade happening and a view from there would be good.
Wednesday, December 10, 2008
Thursday, November 20, 2008
Status of Women in Islam- a brochure from www.whyislam.org
In this article, they say how women's rights in Islam are equal to men but not identicle because men and women are different..
Prior to islam, women were considered threats to family honor and inferior to men.
Islam "raised women to a position of prestige in family and society."
Islam refuses to believe Eve tempted Adam to disobey God, and that they were both wrong.The Qu'ran claims women are not evil.
Women had rights to education and a economic status in Islam.
I think the assignment was for modern times, but the brochure I think was talking about women in ancient Islam AND today.
Prior to islam, women were considered threats to family honor and inferior to men.
Islam "raised women to a position of prestige in family and society."
Islam refuses to believe Eve tempted Adam to disobey God, and that they were both wrong.The Qu'ran claims women are not evil.
Women had rights to education and a economic status in Islam.
I think the assignment was for modern times, but the brochure I think was talking about women in ancient Islam AND today.
Thursday, October 23, 2008
China to build a Tibetan Buddhism academy in Tibet
from the indian news website http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=145194
THE CHINESE government has decided to set up a high level institute in Lhasa. The cost of the institute of Tibetan Buddhism in southwestern autonomous region is estimated to be $11.7 million. The project located near Lhasa is being fully funded by the central government in Beijing.
The high level institute is being set up in Nyetang Town, Quxu County near the Tibetan capital of Lhasa in an area of 17.4 hectares. The first phase of construction is scheduled for completion in 2010. Its design includes a library and buildings for religious activities.
Besides religious theories, students at the academy will also be taught other disciplines such as politics and sociology.
According to official sources, nearly about $100 million has been spent by the central and local governments for the preservation and maintenance of monasteries and cultural relics in Tibet since 1980. The institute is the largest investment on this score by the central government in Tibet.
The proposed institute will train ’patriotic and devotional religious personnel’ with strong religious accomplishments and moral character. This is seen by government critics as an attempt to build an officially approved cadre of monks in order to dilute the influence of defiant monks in Tibet, some of whom have faith in the Dalai Lama.
It will conduct research on Tibetan Buddhism besides acting as a bridge for exchange of ideas on religious practices with the world outside.
Chinese government critics said that the move is an attempt by the Communist Party to reinforce its belief that Tibetan Buddhism with its many variations is independent of the Dalai Lama. The party regards the Dalai Lama as a politician, who is set to damage Tibetan culture.
“Dalai Lama and his clique and the anti-China forces in the West conspire to force the Tibetan ethnic group and its culture to stagnate and remain in a state similar to the Middle Ages,” the government said in a recent White Paper on Tibet.
The Communist Party has all along emphasised the need for religious personnel, including Tibetan monks and Christian priests to adopt the spirit of patriotism, which is regarded as a more important virtue than their spiritual accomplishments.
There are several research facilities on Tibetan Buddhism in different parts of China including Beijing, but this is the first project of its kind on the land of its origin.
The government White Paper also said: “The Tibetan people have developed their culture by means of interaction and fusion with other cultures, especially that of the Han people.”
Human Rights groups have for long accused Chinese leaders of changing the demographic and cultural landscape of Tibet by pushing in vast numbers of Han Chinese people from mainland China.
this article caught my eye because I recognised some things that we learned about buddhism- politics, sociology, dali llamas and stuff. Plus it seemed in the article that buddhism has become so popular that they are creating academies for it.
THE CHINESE government has decided to set up a high level institute in Lhasa. The cost of the institute of Tibetan Buddhism in southwestern autonomous region is estimated to be $11.7 million. The project located near Lhasa is being fully funded by the central government in Beijing.
The high level institute is being set up in Nyetang Town, Quxu County near the Tibetan capital of Lhasa in an area of 17.4 hectares. The first phase of construction is scheduled for completion in 2010. Its design includes a library and buildings for religious activities.
Besides religious theories, students at the academy will also be taught other disciplines such as politics and sociology.
According to official sources, nearly about $100 million has been spent by the central and local governments for the preservation and maintenance of monasteries and cultural relics in Tibet since 1980. The institute is the largest investment on this score by the central government in Tibet.
The proposed institute will train ’patriotic and devotional religious personnel’ with strong religious accomplishments and moral character. This is seen by government critics as an attempt to build an officially approved cadre of monks in order to dilute the influence of defiant monks in Tibet, some of whom have faith in the Dalai Lama.
It will conduct research on Tibetan Buddhism besides acting as a bridge for exchange of ideas on religious practices with the world outside.
Chinese government critics said that the move is an attempt by the Communist Party to reinforce its belief that Tibetan Buddhism with its many variations is independent of the Dalai Lama. The party regards the Dalai Lama as a politician, who is set to damage Tibetan culture.
“Dalai Lama and his clique and the anti-China forces in the West conspire to force the Tibetan ethnic group and its culture to stagnate and remain in a state similar to the Middle Ages,” the government said in a recent White Paper on Tibet.
The Communist Party has all along emphasised the need for religious personnel, including Tibetan monks and Christian priests to adopt the spirit of patriotism, which is regarded as a more important virtue than their spiritual accomplishments.
There are several research facilities on Tibetan Buddhism in different parts of China including Beijing, but this is the first project of its kind on the land of its origin.
The government White Paper also said: “The Tibetan people have developed their culture by means of interaction and fusion with other cultures, especially that of the Han people.”
Human Rights groups have for long accused Chinese leaders of changing the demographic and cultural landscape of Tibet by pushing in vast numbers of Han Chinese people from mainland China.
this article caught my eye because I recognised some things that we learned about buddhism- politics, sociology, dali llamas and stuff. Plus it seemed in the article that buddhism has become so popular that they are creating academies for it.
Monday, October 6, 2008
Al Jazeera
Al Jazeera is a middle eastern news station .
One of their articles on their website was talking about Sarah Palin accusing Barack Obama that he hangs out with terrorists, because to them it would be a laugh, that the american canidates (who they hate because they hate America)are fighting and being so mean to each other and not accomplishing anything. This is the article-
The war of words between rival White House camps has escalated with Sarah Palin, the Republican vice- presidential candidate, accusing Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama of "palling around with terrorists".
The comment by Palin, whose running mate, John McCain, is battling Obama in the November 4 presidential election, was dismissed by the Obama campaign as "gutter politics" and came shortly after the McCain campaign called the US senator from Illinois a liar.
With polls showing McCain trailing Obama in many battleground states, including several won by Republicans in the 2004 election, Palin said: "There is a time when it's necessary to take the gloves off and that time is right now."
Speaking on Saturday at a fundraising event in Englewood, Colorado, Palin told supporters Obama "is someone who sees America, it seems, as being so imperfect that he's palling around with terrorists who would target their own country."
In-depth coverage of the US presidential election
She was referring to William Ayers, a member of the radical 1960s group, the Weathermen, who supported Obama's first run for public office in 1995. Members of the group had been accused of placing bombs at the Pentagon and the Capitol.
The Obama campaign described Palin's guilt-by-association attack as "desperate and false".
"Governor Palin's comments, while offensive, are not surprising, given the McCain campaign's statement this morning that they would be launching Swift boat-like attacks in hopes of deflecting attention from the nation's economic ills," Obama spokesman Hari Sevugan said.
The Illinois senator, meanwhile, said that McCain's healthcare plan was "radical."
"He taxes health care benefits for the first time in history; millions lose the health care they have; millions pay more for the health care they get; drug and insurance companies continue to make exorbitant profits; and middle-class families watch the system they rely on begin to unravel before their eyes," Obama said.
Addressing a rally of 18,000 people next to Virginia's naval shipbuilding yards, Obama noted that McCain proposed to give families a tax credit of $5,000 towards paying for rocketing health care costs.
"But like those ads for prescription drugs, you got to read the fine print to learn the rest of the story, to find out the side-effects," Obama, who is proposing subsidies and tax breaks to bring in near-universal health care, said.
McCain insists his health care plan would generate more competition and drive down costs, and that Obama's plan would deprive voters of their choice of doctor by creating a "vast new bureaucracy" run by the government.
One of their articles on their website was talking about Sarah Palin accusing Barack Obama that he hangs out with terrorists, because to them it would be a laugh, that the american canidates (who they hate because they hate America)are fighting and being so mean to each other and not accomplishing anything. This is the article-
The war of words between rival White House camps has escalated with Sarah Palin, the Republican vice- presidential candidate, accusing Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama of "palling around with terrorists".
The comment by Palin, whose running mate, John McCain, is battling Obama in the November 4 presidential election, was dismissed by the Obama campaign as "gutter politics" and came shortly after the McCain campaign called the US senator from Illinois a liar.
With polls showing McCain trailing Obama in many battleground states, including several won by Republicans in the 2004 election, Palin said: "There is a time when it's necessary to take the gloves off and that time is right now."
Speaking on Saturday at a fundraising event in Englewood, Colorado, Palin told supporters Obama "is someone who sees America, it seems, as being so imperfect that he's palling around with terrorists who would target their own country."
In-depth coverage of the US presidential election
She was referring to William Ayers, a member of the radical 1960s group, the Weathermen, who supported Obama's first run for public office in 1995. Members of the group had been accused of placing bombs at the Pentagon and the Capitol.
The Obama campaign described Palin's guilt-by-association attack as "desperate and false".
"Governor Palin's comments, while offensive, are not surprising, given the McCain campaign's statement this morning that they would be launching Swift boat-like attacks in hopes of deflecting attention from the nation's economic ills," Obama spokesman Hari Sevugan said.
The Illinois senator, meanwhile, said that McCain's healthcare plan was "radical."
"He taxes health care benefits for the first time in history; millions lose the health care they have; millions pay more for the health care they get; drug and insurance companies continue to make exorbitant profits; and middle-class families watch the system they rely on begin to unravel before their eyes," Obama said.
Addressing a rally of 18,000 people next to Virginia's naval shipbuilding yards, Obama noted that McCain proposed to give families a tax credit of $5,000 towards paying for rocketing health care costs.
"But like those ads for prescription drugs, you got to read the fine print to learn the rest of the story, to find out the side-effects," Obama, who is proposing subsidies and tax breaks to bring in near-universal health care, said.
McCain insists his health care plan would generate more competition and drive down costs, and that Obama's plan would deprive voters of their choice of doctor by creating a "vast new bureaucracy" run by the government.
Monday, July 21, 2008
Istanbul Not Constantinople
Check this fun stuff out.....I hope it works! It's not working as a link...just copy and paste address to see a fun You Tube video.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38WeXe41Czo&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38WeXe41Czo&feature=related
Thursday, July 10, 2008
Chapter Ten, Recent Stuff: 1914 –Present
Chapter Ten, Recent Stuff: 1914 –Present
I. The Twentieth Century in Chunks
A. The World War I Era
1. Shifting Alliances- A Prewar Tally of European Countries
a. Europe tried to keep the balance of power by forming alliances
b. France and Russia become an alliance
c. Britain then signed a friendly agreement with France and Russia called the Triple Entente
2. Trouble in the Balkans: Europe in a Tizzy
a. Europe was so tightly wound that anything could have started a war
b. 1914, Gaurilo Princip (from Serbia) shot the Archduke of Austria/Hungary
c. Austria/Hungary then declared war on Serbia, (Russia allied with Serbia and declared war on Austria/Hungary
d. Pressure builds for Britain, France, Italy and Germany to join
3. WWI: The War to End All Wars?
a. U.S. declared neutrality (at first) until a German submarine sank a ship with more than 100 Americans onboard. U.S. shifted away from isolationism after this.
b. Germany then attacked U.S. Merchant ships
c. 1917, America joined war
d. Eight million soldiers were killed
4. The Treaty of Versailles: Make the Germans Cry
a. This treaty brings the official end to WWI
5. The League of Nations: Can’t We All Just get Along?
a. President Wilson’s 14 point speech addressed issues like post-war treaties, and for a joint council of Nations (called the League of Nations)
6. The Russian Revolution: Czar out, Lenin in
a. The Russian revolution happens before the WWI ended
b. 1917, Czar Nicholas gave up his throne
c. Alexander Kerensky takes over
d. 1918, Soviets rally behind the socialist party called the Bolsheviks
e. Vladimir Lenin issued his April Theses where he demanded peace, land for peasants, and power to the soviets (within 6 months the Bolsheviks took command of the government).
f. 1918, The Red Army is a sizable force
7. Here Comes the Turks: The Sick Man of Europe is Out of his Misery
a. The failing Ottoman Empire join the losing central power of WWI
b. 1919, Greeks attack
c. Mustafa Kemal (later known as Ataturk…father of Turkey) overthrew the Ottoman Sultan and became president of Turkey
B. The World War II Era
1. Stalin: The Soviet Union Goes Totalitarian
a. Joseph Stalin: Leader of Communist Party
b. Industrializes USSR
c. Uses terror tactics, secret police force, bogus trials and assassinations for control
2. The Great Depression: Capitalism Crashes, Germany Burns
a. WWI was expensive costing 180 billion dollars
b. France and Germany relied on U.S. credit
c. 1929, the great depression begins and quickly escalates into an international catastrophe
3. Fascism Gains Momentum
a. Between WWI and WWII, fascist parties immerge
b. “Fascism” is to destroy the will of the individual in favor of “the people”
4. Fascism in Italy: Another Step Towards Another War
a. Italy was the first to have a Fascist government
b. 1919, Benito Mussolini created the National Fascist Party
c. This Party paid squads known as “Blackshirts” to fight socialist and communist organizations
d. 1922, by this time Italy was transformed into a totalitarian fascist regime
5. The Rise of Hitler
a. 1920’s, Nazis rose to power
b. Hitler was the head of the Nazi Party
c. He believe Aryans were the superior race and that everything was the Jews fault
d. Hitler gains control of the government, known under his fascist rule as the Third Reich, and set his eyes on conquering Europe
6. Appeasement: Go Ahead You Nut, We Trust Ya
a. 1933, Hitler rebuilds German military (a violation of Versailles)
b. 1935, Hitler takes back Rhineland (lost to Germany in WWI)
c. 1939, Germans sign the Nazi-Soviet pack
7. Need to Read About More Aggression? How About Japan?
a. After WWI Japan fought with the allies and their economy and military started to thrive
b. 1930, Japanese Militarists gained momentum
c. 1937, Japan invaded China
8. A Quick Review of WWII: Tens of Millions Dead
a. Hitler’s forces destroy everything in it’s path and conquered virtually all of Europe
b. Winton Churchill: Britains Prime Minister refuses to cut a deal with Hitler…Hitler launches a major bombing campaign…Battle of Britain
c. 1941, Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, (U.S. doesn’t lift sanctions against Japan so….)
d. U.S. develop the Manhattan Project (the development of the atomic bomb)
e. 1945, August 6….Truman orders the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan’s city of Hiroshima
9. The Consequences: So Much Changed
a. The Holocaust was revealed
b. The Peace settlement: U.S. and Soviet Union became Super powers
c. Europe torn to shreds: U.S. instituted the Marshall Plan to help rebuild (or reconstruction of Europe)
d. The decline of Colonialism: Native populations began to rise up against oppressors
e. Jobs for women
f. Creation of International Organizations (example United Nations)
C. Communism and the Cold War (the cold war lasted from1945-1990’s)
1. Power Grab: Soviets and Americans want everyone to take sides
a. Germany and other parts of eastern Europe were divided into temporary “spheres of Influence”
b. 1948, French, British and Americans formed into one, forming democratic West
c. Soviet works at controlling the East with Communism
2. East Verses West: Lets Point Our guns at each Other
a. 1940’s, Europe was divided into East and West
b. 1947, Truman doctrine…U.S. says they will aid countries threatened by Communist takeovers
c. NATO is formed (for Western bloc)
d. Warsaw Pact (for Eastern bloc)
Note: Churchill calls the line between East and West as the “Iron Curtain”
3. China: Communists Make Huge Gains
a. 1911, Chinese revolution…leader Sun Yat-sen
b. Three principles of people…Nationalism, Socialism and Democracy
c. Kuomindang (KMT) Sun Yat-sen’s political party to be continued by his successor, Chiang Kai-shek
d. 1920’s and 1930’s, two forces wreaked havoc with Chiang’s plan….Japan and Russia
4. Mao Zedong: His Own Way
a. 1950’s, Great Leap forward
b. 1960’s, Cultural Revolution
(1) Against privileged ruling class
(2) Little Red Book
c. 1976, Deng Xiaoping takes office after Mao’s death
(1) Education policies change
(2) Focusing on restructuring the economic policies
5. China Looks West: Likes Money, Not So Sure About Freedom
a. Tiananmen Square
6. Division of Korea: The Cold War Turns Hot and Now Possibly Nuclear
a. Korea is occupied by both U.S. and Soviet Union
b. 1948, forms two separate governments
(1) Soviet backed Communist regime in the North
(2) U.S. backed democracy in the South
c. Remain separate to this day
7. Vietnam: The Cold War Turns Ugly
a. After WWII, the French try to hold onto control of their colony of Indochina…Nationalists known as Vietminh fought back
b. 1954, Vietminh Guerilla warfare succeeds in forcing the French into an accord (signed in Geneva) dividing the Nation
(1) Communist under Ho Chi Minh…controlled North of the 17th parallel
(2) Democracy under Ngo Dihn Dien in the South
8. The Cuban Revolution: Communism on the American Doorstep
a. 1898, Cuba wins independence from Spain
b. Platt Amendment keeps U.S. involved with Cuban affairs
c. 1939-1959, U.S. supports Batista Dictatorship in Cuba
d. 1956, Peasants Revolt under Fidel Castro
e. Cuban Revolution
f. 1961, President Kennedy/ Bay of Pigs
g. 1962, Cuban Missile Crisis
h. 1990’s, Soviet Union collapses and Cuba loses it’s main financial backer
9. Poland: Solidarity Grows in Population
a. 1980, Solidarity Movement under Lech Walesa
b. 1989, Solidarity becomes legal and member of solidarity (Tadeusz Masow) becomes Prime Minister in first open election since WWII
c. 1990, Communist Party fell apart in Poland and Lech Walesa is elected President
d. 1999, Poland joins NATO (and European Union in 2004)
10. German Reunification: All This, Just to be back where we started?
a. East Germany cuts ties with soviet Union and unifies with West Germany
b. 1989, Berlin Wall comes down
c. Unemployment is high on both sides but government does not give up on reunification
11. The Soviet Union Collapses: Glasnos, Peresstroika, kaput
a. 1985, Mikail Gorbachev instituted policies of Glasnos(openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) of the Soviet economy
b. USSR, Soviet Union disintergrates….Russia is it’s own country again
c. Other countries separate with relative peacefulness
d. Some countries separate with a lot of turmoil (“ethnic cleansing” in former Yugoslavia, where Muslims were slaughtered by Serbians)
D. Independence Movements And Developments In Asia And Africa
1. The Indian Subcontinent
a. 1919, Amritsar Massacre….319 Indians (some Muslim, some Hindu), slaughtered by British General Dyer during a peaceful protest in a city park
b. 1920’s, Mohandas Gandhi became the movements most important voice
(1) Gandhi’s philosophy of Passive resistance, or civil disobedience gained popular support in struggle against British colony rule
c. late 1920’s, Gandhi calls for Indian Unity above religious considerations
2. Independence Won: Nations Two (Britain granted Independent subcontinent but then the real struggle begins…..)
a. First school of thought (promoted by Gandhi): United India where Hindus and Muslims could both practice their religions
b. Second school of thought (or movement promoted by Muhammad Ali Jinnah) was to partition and separate Muslims in the North….Hindus in the South
c. Britain agrees with the second school of thought, saying this would be the only way to stop further killing
d. When the reigns were handed back the leaders of the independent India (1947) it separated the country…
(1) India in the South
(2) Pakistan: One to North West of India (Pakistan) and One to the East (East Pakistan) which is currently Bangladesh
e. Nearly half a million people were killed as they moved to their prospective “sides”
f. Gandhi is assassinated
3. Africa
a. After WWII they also assert their independence
(1) Other than South Africa, who was already independent before WWII, Nations North of Sahara were the first to gain independence
(2) South of Sahara was tricky because most of these colonies had been raped of their resources
(3) National unity was difficult as boundaries were formed according to European needs not African needs
b. Rwanda: Ethnic Genocide
(1) 1962, Hutu (85% of Rwanda) revolted against the Tutsi (15% of Rwanda) leadership leaving thousands dead
(2) The two ethnic groups continue to fight until 1972 when a military coup by Juvenal Habyarimana unseated the government and established one party republic (in 1981)
(3) 1994, civil War breaks out after general dies in plane crash (100 days of genocide left as many as 800,000 Tutsi dead
(4) By the following year 2 million Hutu refugees were sent to neighboring Zaire (where many died of disease).
c. Developments in South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid
(1) 1910, Union of South Africa: Two British colonies and two Boer republics
Notes: British and Dutch were given considerable rights to self-government; blacks were entirely excluded from this.
(2) 1948, Apartheid (separation of races)
(3) 1950, Nelson Mandela-leader of African Congress
(4) 1964, Mandela arrested
(5) 1990, Mandela freed from prison
(6) 1994, Apartheid is abolished and Mandela is elected president in first free open election in Nation’s history
4. Middle East
a. Israel: Balfour Declares a Mess
(1) Zionists (Jewish Nationalists) convince Arthur Balfour that the Jewish homeland in Palestine is desirable and just
(2) 1917, Balfour Declaration: Palestine…Jewish homeland but not to displace Palestinians
(3) 1930’s, Huge numbers of Jewish people flood into Palestine (many to escape Nazi Germany as Hitler came to power
b. The Jewish wait for a State Ends in 1948
(1) 1948, United Nations creates two Palestines…one for Jewish people….one for Muslims
5. The Iranian Revolution: The Shah gets Shooed
a. 1925, Reza Sha Pahlavi rises to power
b. He westernizes Iran
c. 1979, people revolted against this (westernization) and the Sha was ousted from power
6. Oil: Enormous amounts of Geo
a. Industrial Revolution was great in the middle east, they had 2/3 of the worlds oil reserves
b. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and Iraq started to get billions of dollars annually
c. 1970, OPEC collectively cut supply of the world’s reserves sending prices high (billions of extra dollars went to the middle east)
E. Globalization and the World Since 1980
1. International terrorism and war
a. Since WWII, there is an increased interest in international security…organizations for the task are:
(1) NATO
(2) United Nations
(3) International Atomic Energy Agency
2. War in the Gulf: Oil and Saddam Hussein
United Nations sent forces to drive Iraq out of Kuwait
Hussein, kept his brutal dictatorship
2003, United States and Britain invaded Iraq to oust Hussein from power. He was captured in December of that year.
3. Taliban, Al Queda, Osama bin Laden
b. 1980’s, Soviet Union sent troops to Afganistan at the request of Marxist military leader, Nur Muhammad Taraki
c. Civil war soon raged
d. 14 years later….2 million deaths….Taliban power is formed
e. Osama bin Laden is the leader of the Al Queda (a terrorist group)
f. Al Queda operatives take over four American passenger planes…fly two into the World Trade Center, One into the Pentagon and one (presumably unintentionally) into a field in Pennsylvania. (close to 3000 people were killed in this attack)
g. U.S. launches a war on terrorism
4. World Change and Cultural Exchange
The end to the cold war removed the obstacles for global interactions and trade
Currencies were no longer tied to old alliances
1990’s, The North American Free Trade Agreement was created
5. Global Alphabet Soup
a. Agencies design to protect trade were:
(1) International Monetary Fund
(2) World Bank
(3) GATT agreed to reduce barriers to international trade
(4) 1975, the group of six was created as a forum for the world’s major industrialized democracies
6. Environmental Change
a. 1980’s, Environmental issues were focused on pollution and waste management (until the 80’s)
b. The “Green Revolution” happens in the 1950’s and 1960’s
Global Warming is discovered (which is making the earth warmer through human activities like fuel consumption)
7. Technology Since 1980’s
a. Computer and personal computing
b. 1970’s and 1980’s, new hardware and software came out
c. 1980’s, Internet
e. 1990’s, email
II. Changes and Continuities of Women
Women gained the right to vote, birth rates dropped, birth control was accessible, divorces and second marriages became more common, Women’s presence in the work place more accepted.
III. Pulling It All Together
A. In this chapter
1. Two world Wars
2. The end of the European Imperialism
3. USA as a super power
4. Islamic Fundamentalism in Middle EastLate 20th century there were a huge number of Independent Nation-States.
I. The Twentieth Century in Chunks
A. The World War I Era
1. Shifting Alliances- A Prewar Tally of European Countries
a. Europe tried to keep the balance of power by forming alliances
b. France and Russia become an alliance
c. Britain then signed a friendly agreement with France and Russia called the Triple Entente
2. Trouble in the Balkans: Europe in a Tizzy
a. Europe was so tightly wound that anything could have started a war
b. 1914, Gaurilo Princip (from Serbia) shot the Archduke of Austria/Hungary
c. Austria/Hungary then declared war on Serbia, (Russia allied with Serbia and declared war on Austria/Hungary
d. Pressure builds for Britain, France, Italy and Germany to join
3. WWI: The War to End All Wars?
a. U.S. declared neutrality (at first) until a German submarine sank a ship with more than 100 Americans onboard. U.S. shifted away from isolationism after this.
b. Germany then attacked U.S. Merchant ships
c. 1917, America joined war
d. Eight million soldiers were killed
4. The Treaty of Versailles: Make the Germans Cry
a. This treaty brings the official end to WWI
5. The League of Nations: Can’t We All Just get Along?
a. President Wilson’s 14 point speech addressed issues like post-war treaties, and for a joint council of Nations (called the League of Nations)
6. The Russian Revolution: Czar out, Lenin in
a. The Russian revolution happens before the WWI ended
b. 1917, Czar Nicholas gave up his throne
c. Alexander Kerensky takes over
d. 1918, Soviets rally behind the socialist party called the Bolsheviks
e. Vladimir Lenin issued his April Theses where he demanded peace, land for peasants, and power to the soviets (within 6 months the Bolsheviks took command of the government).
f. 1918, The Red Army is a sizable force
7. Here Comes the Turks: The Sick Man of Europe is Out of his Misery
a. The failing Ottoman Empire join the losing central power of WWI
b. 1919, Greeks attack
c. Mustafa Kemal (later known as Ataturk…father of Turkey) overthrew the Ottoman Sultan and became president of Turkey
B. The World War II Era
1. Stalin: The Soviet Union Goes Totalitarian
a. Joseph Stalin: Leader of Communist Party
b. Industrializes USSR
c. Uses terror tactics, secret police force, bogus trials and assassinations for control
2. The Great Depression: Capitalism Crashes, Germany Burns
a. WWI was expensive costing 180 billion dollars
b. France and Germany relied on U.S. credit
c. 1929, the great depression begins and quickly escalates into an international catastrophe
3. Fascism Gains Momentum
a. Between WWI and WWII, fascist parties immerge
b. “Fascism” is to destroy the will of the individual in favor of “the people”
4. Fascism in Italy: Another Step Towards Another War
a. Italy was the first to have a Fascist government
b. 1919, Benito Mussolini created the National Fascist Party
c. This Party paid squads known as “Blackshirts” to fight socialist and communist organizations
d. 1922, by this time Italy was transformed into a totalitarian fascist regime
5. The Rise of Hitler
a. 1920’s, Nazis rose to power
b. Hitler was the head of the Nazi Party
c. He believe Aryans were the superior race and that everything was the Jews fault
d. Hitler gains control of the government, known under his fascist rule as the Third Reich, and set his eyes on conquering Europe
6. Appeasement: Go Ahead You Nut, We Trust Ya
a. 1933, Hitler rebuilds German military (a violation of Versailles)
b. 1935, Hitler takes back Rhineland (lost to Germany in WWI)
c. 1939, Germans sign the Nazi-Soviet pack
7. Need to Read About More Aggression? How About Japan?
a. After WWI Japan fought with the allies and their economy and military started to thrive
b. 1930, Japanese Militarists gained momentum
c. 1937, Japan invaded China
8. A Quick Review of WWII: Tens of Millions Dead
a. Hitler’s forces destroy everything in it’s path and conquered virtually all of Europe
b. Winton Churchill: Britains Prime Minister refuses to cut a deal with Hitler…Hitler launches a major bombing campaign…Battle of Britain
c. 1941, Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, (U.S. doesn’t lift sanctions against Japan so….)
d. U.S. develop the Manhattan Project (the development of the atomic bomb)
e. 1945, August 6….Truman orders the dropping of the atomic bomb on Japan’s city of Hiroshima
9. The Consequences: So Much Changed
a. The Holocaust was revealed
b. The Peace settlement: U.S. and Soviet Union became Super powers
c. Europe torn to shreds: U.S. instituted the Marshall Plan to help rebuild (or reconstruction of Europe)
d. The decline of Colonialism: Native populations began to rise up against oppressors
e. Jobs for women
f. Creation of International Organizations (example United Nations)
C. Communism and the Cold War (the cold war lasted from1945-1990’s)
1. Power Grab: Soviets and Americans want everyone to take sides
a. Germany and other parts of eastern Europe were divided into temporary “spheres of Influence”
b. 1948, French, British and Americans formed into one, forming democratic West
c. Soviet works at controlling the East with Communism
2. East Verses West: Lets Point Our guns at each Other
a. 1940’s, Europe was divided into East and West
b. 1947, Truman doctrine…U.S. says they will aid countries threatened by Communist takeovers
c. NATO is formed (for Western bloc)
d. Warsaw Pact (for Eastern bloc)
Note: Churchill calls the line between East and West as the “Iron Curtain”
3. China: Communists Make Huge Gains
a. 1911, Chinese revolution…leader Sun Yat-sen
b. Three principles of people…Nationalism, Socialism and Democracy
c. Kuomindang (KMT) Sun Yat-sen’s political party to be continued by his successor, Chiang Kai-shek
d. 1920’s and 1930’s, two forces wreaked havoc with Chiang’s plan….Japan and Russia
4. Mao Zedong: His Own Way
a. 1950’s, Great Leap forward
b. 1960’s, Cultural Revolution
(1) Against privileged ruling class
(2) Little Red Book
c. 1976, Deng Xiaoping takes office after Mao’s death
(1) Education policies change
(2) Focusing on restructuring the economic policies
5. China Looks West: Likes Money, Not So Sure About Freedom
a. Tiananmen Square
6. Division of Korea: The Cold War Turns Hot and Now Possibly Nuclear
a. Korea is occupied by both U.S. and Soviet Union
b. 1948, forms two separate governments
(1) Soviet backed Communist regime in the North
(2) U.S. backed democracy in the South
c. Remain separate to this day
7. Vietnam: The Cold War Turns Ugly
a. After WWII, the French try to hold onto control of their colony of Indochina…Nationalists known as Vietminh fought back
b. 1954, Vietminh Guerilla warfare succeeds in forcing the French into an accord (signed in Geneva) dividing the Nation
(1) Communist under Ho Chi Minh…controlled North of the 17th parallel
(2) Democracy under Ngo Dihn Dien in the South
8. The Cuban Revolution: Communism on the American Doorstep
a. 1898, Cuba wins independence from Spain
b. Platt Amendment keeps U.S. involved with Cuban affairs
c. 1939-1959, U.S. supports Batista Dictatorship in Cuba
d. 1956, Peasants Revolt under Fidel Castro
e. Cuban Revolution
f. 1961, President Kennedy/ Bay of Pigs
g. 1962, Cuban Missile Crisis
h. 1990’s, Soviet Union collapses and Cuba loses it’s main financial backer
9. Poland: Solidarity Grows in Population
a. 1980, Solidarity Movement under Lech Walesa
b. 1989, Solidarity becomes legal and member of solidarity (Tadeusz Masow) becomes Prime Minister in first open election since WWII
c. 1990, Communist Party fell apart in Poland and Lech Walesa is elected President
d. 1999, Poland joins NATO (and European Union in 2004)
10. German Reunification: All This, Just to be back where we started?
a. East Germany cuts ties with soviet Union and unifies with West Germany
b. 1989, Berlin Wall comes down
c. Unemployment is high on both sides but government does not give up on reunification
11. The Soviet Union Collapses: Glasnos, Peresstroika, kaput
a. 1985, Mikail Gorbachev instituted policies of Glasnos(openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) of the Soviet economy
b. USSR, Soviet Union disintergrates….Russia is it’s own country again
c. Other countries separate with relative peacefulness
d. Some countries separate with a lot of turmoil (“ethnic cleansing” in former Yugoslavia, where Muslims were slaughtered by Serbians)
D. Independence Movements And Developments In Asia And Africa
1. The Indian Subcontinent
a. 1919, Amritsar Massacre….319 Indians (some Muslim, some Hindu), slaughtered by British General Dyer during a peaceful protest in a city park
b. 1920’s, Mohandas Gandhi became the movements most important voice
(1) Gandhi’s philosophy of Passive resistance, or civil disobedience gained popular support in struggle against British colony rule
c. late 1920’s, Gandhi calls for Indian Unity above religious considerations
2. Independence Won: Nations Two (Britain granted Independent subcontinent but then the real struggle begins…..)
a. First school of thought (promoted by Gandhi): United India where Hindus and Muslims could both practice their religions
b. Second school of thought (or movement promoted by Muhammad Ali Jinnah) was to partition and separate Muslims in the North….Hindus in the South
c. Britain agrees with the second school of thought, saying this would be the only way to stop further killing
d. When the reigns were handed back the leaders of the independent India (1947) it separated the country…
(1) India in the South
(2) Pakistan: One to North West of India (Pakistan) and One to the East (East Pakistan) which is currently Bangladesh
e. Nearly half a million people were killed as they moved to their prospective “sides”
f. Gandhi is assassinated
3. Africa
a. After WWII they also assert their independence
(1) Other than South Africa, who was already independent before WWII, Nations North of Sahara were the first to gain independence
(2) South of Sahara was tricky because most of these colonies had been raped of their resources
(3) National unity was difficult as boundaries were formed according to European needs not African needs
b. Rwanda: Ethnic Genocide
(1) 1962, Hutu (85% of Rwanda) revolted against the Tutsi (15% of Rwanda) leadership leaving thousands dead
(2) The two ethnic groups continue to fight until 1972 when a military coup by Juvenal Habyarimana unseated the government and established one party republic (in 1981)
(3) 1994, civil War breaks out after general dies in plane crash (100 days of genocide left as many as 800,000 Tutsi dead
(4) By the following year 2 million Hutu refugees were sent to neighboring Zaire (where many died of disease).
c. Developments in South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid
(1) 1910, Union of South Africa: Two British colonies and two Boer republics
Notes: British and Dutch were given considerable rights to self-government; blacks were entirely excluded from this.
(2) 1948, Apartheid (separation of races)
(3) 1950, Nelson Mandela-leader of African Congress
(4) 1964, Mandela arrested
(5) 1990, Mandela freed from prison
(6) 1994, Apartheid is abolished and Mandela is elected president in first free open election in Nation’s history
4. Middle East
a. Israel: Balfour Declares a Mess
(1) Zionists (Jewish Nationalists) convince Arthur Balfour that the Jewish homeland in Palestine is desirable and just
(2) 1917, Balfour Declaration: Palestine…Jewish homeland but not to displace Palestinians
(3) 1930’s, Huge numbers of Jewish people flood into Palestine (many to escape Nazi Germany as Hitler came to power
b. The Jewish wait for a State Ends in 1948
(1) 1948, United Nations creates two Palestines…one for Jewish people….one for Muslims
5. The Iranian Revolution: The Shah gets Shooed
a. 1925, Reza Sha Pahlavi rises to power
b. He westernizes Iran
c. 1979, people revolted against this (westernization) and the Sha was ousted from power
6. Oil: Enormous amounts of Geo
a. Industrial Revolution was great in the middle east, they had 2/3 of the worlds oil reserves
b. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran and Iraq started to get billions of dollars annually
c. 1970, OPEC collectively cut supply of the world’s reserves sending prices high (billions of extra dollars went to the middle east)
E. Globalization and the World Since 1980
1. International terrorism and war
a. Since WWII, there is an increased interest in international security…organizations for the task are:
(1) NATO
(2) United Nations
(3) International Atomic Energy Agency
2. War in the Gulf: Oil and Saddam Hussein
United Nations sent forces to drive Iraq out of Kuwait
Hussein, kept his brutal dictatorship
2003, United States and Britain invaded Iraq to oust Hussein from power. He was captured in December of that year.
3. Taliban, Al Queda, Osama bin Laden
b. 1980’s, Soviet Union sent troops to Afganistan at the request of Marxist military leader, Nur Muhammad Taraki
c. Civil war soon raged
d. 14 years later….2 million deaths….Taliban power is formed
e. Osama bin Laden is the leader of the Al Queda (a terrorist group)
f. Al Queda operatives take over four American passenger planes…fly two into the World Trade Center, One into the Pentagon and one (presumably unintentionally) into a field in Pennsylvania. (close to 3000 people were killed in this attack)
g. U.S. launches a war on terrorism
4. World Change and Cultural Exchange
The end to the cold war removed the obstacles for global interactions and trade
Currencies were no longer tied to old alliances
1990’s, The North American Free Trade Agreement was created
5. Global Alphabet Soup
a. Agencies design to protect trade were:
(1) International Monetary Fund
(2) World Bank
(3) GATT agreed to reduce barriers to international trade
(4) 1975, the group of six was created as a forum for the world’s major industrialized democracies
6. Environmental Change
a. 1980’s, Environmental issues were focused on pollution and waste management (until the 80’s)
b. The “Green Revolution” happens in the 1950’s and 1960’s
Global Warming is discovered (which is making the earth warmer through human activities like fuel consumption)
7. Technology Since 1980’s
a. Computer and personal computing
b. 1970’s and 1980’s, new hardware and software came out
c. 1980’s, Internet
e. 1990’s, email
II. Changes and Continuities of Women
Women gained the right to vote, birth rates dropped, birth control was accessible, divorces and second marriages became more common, Women’s presence in the work place more accepted.
III. Pulling It All Together
A. In this chapter
1. Two world Wars
2. The end of the European Imperialism
3. USA as a super power
4. Islamic Fundamentalism in Middle EastLate 20th century there were a huge number of Independent Nation-States.
Wednesday, July 9, 2008
Chapter Nine- Not So Old Stuff: Around 1750-1914
I. INDUSTRY AND IMPERIALISM
Notes: Countries with industrial technology by definition has advanced military weapons and capacity, therefore could easily conquer.
A. Industrial Revolution
1. Agricultural Revolution Part II
a. Early civilizations came about because of the agricultural revolutions.
b. Potatoes, corn and other foods were introduced to Europe from the New World.
c. Urbanization is the outgrowth of increased effeciancies in farming and agriculture.
2. Technological Innovations: The Little Engine That Could
a. A series of technological advancements, in the 18th century, were….
(1) 1733-John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle
(2) 1764-John Hagreaves invented the Spinning Jenny
(3) 1793-Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin
(4) 1700’s-Thomas Newcaner invented the steam engine
3. But Wait There’s More
a. Telegraph….Sam Morse (1837)
b. Telephone….Alexander Graham Bell (1876)
c. Lightbulb…..Thomas Edison (1879)
d. Internal Combustion Engine….Gottlieb Daimler (1885)
e. Radio…..Marconi Gulielmo (1890’s)
f. Airplane….Orville and Wilber Wright (1903)
Note: Both Marconi and Alexander Graham Bell have associations (and Museums) in Cape Breton….where I will be soon.
4. The Factory System: Efficiency(cough) New Products(choke) Big Money(gag)
a. Thanks to a system of interchangeable parts, machines were produced uniformly so they (parts) could be replaced when they broke.
b. The assembly line makes it so workers would only have to add one part to the finished product.
c. Workers were overworked, under paid and put into harms way with out any insurance or protection.
5. Industrialization Created Hierarchy
a. At the top there were aristocrats….then middle class (managers, lawyers etc)….then working class (farmers and factory workers).
b. 1776…Adam Smith writes that economic prosperity and fairness is best achieved through private ownership.
6. Capitalism and Enlightenment Combine: Reform Catches On
a. The Factory Act of 1883 limits the hours of each work day
b. Labor Unions were being formed
c. Social Mobility-The ability to work your way up to another social class became more common
d. 1807, the slave trade is abolished
e. 1920 and 1928 America and Britain’s women gain sufferage
7. In Search of Natural Resources: Stealing is Cheaper than Dealing
a. Raw materials like cotton and rubber had been imported for factories
b. Industrialized Nations gained wealth by colonizing regions with natural resources without compensating the Natives
c. The colonists then had to buy the finished products from “the nation”: the more colonies a nation had the richer it became
8. The European Justification: Superiority is a Heavy Burden
a. Most Europeans were ethnocentric and viewed other cultures as uncivilized
b. Social Darwinists applied Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection to Sociology. They claimed that dominant races/classes rose to the top through a process called “survival of the fittest”. This meant that because Britain was most powerful it was the most fit (superior).
c. Because they were “superior” they believed they had a “moral obligation” to teach other people to be more civilized. (Rudyard Kipling summed it up in his poem “A White Man’s Burden”.)
B. European Imperialism in India
1. The Sepay Mutiny: Too Little Too Late
a. The British East India Company relied on Sepays (Indians under British control) as soldiers
b. The Sepays rebelled in 1857 after they discovered the bullet cartridges were greased with pork and beef fat, which was against their religion.
c. Because of this rebellion, the British Parliament took control (in 1858) of India making it Crown Colony
d. 1877, Queen Victoria was Empress of India
2. Full Blown British Colonization: England on the Incus
a. Things that Britain changed….
(1) India became the model of British Imperialism
(2) Raw Materials flowed to Britain; finished materials flowed back out
(3) People had to have English attitudes and learn English language
(4) Christianity spread
(5) Railroads and canals were built
(6) Urbanization increased
b. 1885, there came the Indian National Congress to begin the path of Independence
C. European Imperialism in China
1. The Opium Wars: European Drug Pushers Force their Rights to Deal
a. 1773, Britain introduces Opium to China
b. 1838, Chinese Emperor bans Opium from China
c. 1839, Chinese seizes British Opium….starting a war from 1839-1842 (over Opium)
2. The Word is Out….China is Crumbling
a. China started to grow weak…an internal rebellion(the White Lotus rebellion) started in the early 19th century
b. 1860’s, Korea found China weak and declared it’s self independent from China
c. Then China lost control of Vietnam
d. Ten years later China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War
e. 1895 the treaty of Shimanoseki forced China to hand over Taiwan and grant trading rights with Japan
3. The Boxer rebellion: Knocked out in the First Round
a. 20th century...Nnationalism among Chinese peasants was festering
b. Groups that organized in response of the government’s defeat were…
(1) Anti Manchu
(2) Anti European
(3) Anti Christian
(4) The Society of the Righteous and Harmonious fists, Car Boxers
c. The Boxer’s zeal was to drive Europeans and Japanese out of China
D. Japanese Imperialism
1. The Meiji Restoration: Shogun out, Emperor in, Westerners out
a. The Meiji Restoration had an era of Japanese Westernization
b. 1870’s, Japan was building railways and steamships
c. 1876, Samurai were abolished
d. 1890’s, Japan’s industrial and military power was on a roll…enough to reduce the European and US influence
E. European Imperialism in Africa
1. The Slave Trade Finally Ends
a. 1807-1820, many European Nations abolished slave trade
b. Slavery itself is not abolished until a few decades later
c. No new slaves could come in but those who were already slaves would continue to be slaves
2. South Africa: Gold Rings, A Diamond Necklace and a British Crown
a. South Africa becomes valuable (to Europe) for shipping and military reasons
b. Dutch came first…settled Cape Town
c. 1795, Brits seized Cape Town
d. Transvaal….discovery of diamonds and gold….causes a series of wars over resources
e. South Africa became a British Colony
f. 1910, the Colony got it’s own Constitution, still under Britain but did gain a lot of self-rule
3. Egypt- A New Waterway Makes A Splash
a. Ottomans ruled Egypt from 1517-1882, though in 19th century it’s rule was very weak
b. Napolean tried to take over Egypt (Mohammed Ali defeated the French and Ottomans and gained control of Egypt in 1805
c. His successor, AbbasI, worked with the French to construct the Suez Canal
d. The canal helped the British most…In 1882, seized the canal and claimed Egypt as a British Protectorate
4. The Berlin Conference: Carving Up the Continent
a. 1884, Otto von Bismarck had a conference with the European powers in Berlin to resolve various European claims to the African Congo
b. After three decades, almost all of Africa was colonized by Britain, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Belgium.
c. Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free of Europe by 1914
d. Europeans built railroads, dams, roads but treated the Natives poorly
II. Political Developments in the Americas and Europe
A. Two Revolutions: America and French
1. Independence can’t happen without a little Paine
a. Thomas Paine (American) urged the colonists to support the movement against the British. He wrote the pamplet called “Common Sense” where he discusses his ideas and ridicules the Monoarchy.
b. France: Sent ships, soldiers, weapons and money to aid in the American cause
2. The French Revolution
a. The estates General: Generally a mess (French society was divided to three estates)
(1) Clergy
(2) Nobles
(3) Everyone else
b. The king had to summons one person from every estate to talk and they hoped to gain favors from the king…they wanted to meet together but Parliament said “no”.
c. 1789, formed the National Assembly...peasants grow restless and attack the Bastille (a prison) and anarchy spread.
3. A New Constitution Causes Consternation
a. 1791, National Assembly creates new constitution similar to United States
b. Austrians and Prussians invade France (to restore Monarchy because King’s wife, Marie Antoinette, was sister of king of Austria).
c. The French made a new constitution called the convention, which made France a Republic
4. The Reign of Terror: the Hard Fought Constitution Gets Tossed Aside
a. The convertion was worried that foreign threats would lead to their demise…they throw out the constitution and created the Committee of Public Safety.
5. Napoleon: Big Things Come in Little Packages
a. Napoleon Bonaparte: General by the age of twenty-four
b. 1779, he over threw the Directory by popular vote. He declared himself first consul
c. He initiates many reforms in agriculture, infrastructure and education
d. 1804, Napoleonic Laws declared the equality of French citizens
e. His troops conquer Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal and Italy
6. The congress of Vienna: Pencils and Erasers at Work
a. 1815, Congress decreed a balance of power should be maintained among the powers of Europe (to avoid another rise like Napoleon).
B. Lots of Independence Moments: Latin America
1. Haiti: Slave Revolt Sends France a Jolt
a. The first successful Latin American revolt was in Haiti
b. Colonists had plantations and slaves were treated terribly
2. South America: Visions of Grandeur
a. 1808, Napoleon appoints his brother to the Spanish throne (Spanish people appointed their own leader, Simon Bolivar).
b. Argentina: conflict between French governor and supporters of Spanish Crown. Jose de Martin took command of Argentinean armies
c. 1820’s, Huge chunk of South America declares it’s independence
3. Brazil-Power to the People
a. Brazil was a Portuguese colony and the King fled there in exile…when he returned to Portugal, he left his son Pedro to run the country
b. Pedro crowned himself Emperor
4. Mexico- A Tale of Two Priests
a. 1810, Migal Hidalgo (a priest) led a revolt against Spanish rule
b. The Spanish execute Hildago but Jose Meralos picked up where he left off and led the revolutionaries to further success against the Loyalists
5. The Effects of Independence Movements: More Independence than Freedoms
a. In some Latin American countries, independence was not spread among the citizens
b. Peasants still worked on Plantations and a middle class of merchants and small farmers didn’t emerge….the enlightenment ideas didn’t spread either.
c. The Catholic Church still remained powerful in Latin America
d. Latin economies were still dependent on Europe
C. Two Unifications: Italy and germany
1. The Unification of Italy: Italians give foreign occupiers the boot
a. Mid 19th century Italy was a lot of small kingdoms
b. 1849, King of Sardinia (Victor Emmanuel II) named Count Camillo Cavarhis as Prime Minister and Nationalism took off (removing Austrian influence from Italy)
c. Italians gain control of Venetia
2. The Uniform of Germany: All about Otto
a. 1861, King of Prussia appointed Otto von Bismarck prime minister
b. Bismarck defeated Autria and secured other German principalities
c. France declares war on Russia (after being provoked by Bismarck) starting Franco-Prussian War
D. Other Political Developments
1. Russia: life with Czars
a. 19th century, Russia gave absolute power to the Romanov’s
b. 1860’s, Alexander II issued Emancipation Edict, which abolished serfdom
c. Alexander III created policy called Russianification (all Russian people had to learn Russian and convert to Russian Orthodoxy
d. 1894-1917, Nicholas II reigned and Russians wanted a revolution
2. The Ottoman Empire: Are They Still Calling it an Empire?
a. 16th c. Ottoman Empire begins it’s decline
b. 17th – 18th c. they are fighting Russia
c. Greece, Egypt, Arabia launched independence Movements
3. U.S. Foreign Policy: This Hemisphere is Our Hemisphere
a. President Monroe declared that Western Hemisphere was off limits to European aggression
b. The Roosevelt Corollary said U.S. could intervene in financial disputes between European powers (to maintain peace)
III. Technology and Intellectual developments
A. Rail lines, steam engines, new entertainment, literature and ideas; Economic, political and social changes
IV. Women
Women still had few freedoms but women (in general)were not effected by the enlightenment ideas of freedom, equality and liberty.
Feminist writers begin to emerge in this century
Notes: Countries with industrial technology by definition has advanced military weapons and capacity, therefore could easily conquer.
A. Industrial Revolution
1. Agricultural Revolution Part II
a. Early civilizations came about because of the agricultural revolutions.
b. Potatoes, corn and other foods were introduced to Europe from the New World.
c. Urbanization is the outgrowth of increased effeciancies in farming and agriculture.
2. Technological Innovations: The Little Engine That Could
a. A series of technological advancements, in the 18th century, were….
(1) 1733-John Kay invented the Flying Shuttle
(2) 1764-John Hagreaves invented the Spinning Jenny
(3) 1793-Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin
(4) 1700’s-Thomas Newcaner invented the steam engine
3. But Wait There’s More
a. Telegraph….Sam Morse (1837)
b. Telephone….Alexander Graham Bell (1876)
c. Lightbulb…..Thomas Edison (1879)
d. Internal Combustion Engine….Gottlieb Daimler (1885)
e. Radio…..Marconi Gulielmo (1890’s)
f. Airplane….Orville and Wilber Wright (1903)
Note: Both Marconi and Alexander Graham Bell have associations (and Museums) in Cape Breton….where I will be soon.
4. The Factory System: Efficiency(cough) New Products(choke) Big Money(gag)
a. Thanks to a system of interchangeable parts, machines were produced uniformly so they (parts) could be replaced when they broke.
b. The assembly line makes it so workers would only have to add one part to the finished product.
c. Workers were overworked, under paid and put into harms way with out any insurance or protection.
5. Industrialization Created Hierarchy
a. At the top there were aristocrats….then middle class (managers, lawyers etc)….then working class (farmers and factory workers).
b. 1776…Adam Smith writes that economic prosperity and fairness is best achieved through private ownership.
6. Capitalism and Enlightenment Combine: Reform Catches On
a. The Factory Act of 1883 limits the hours of each work day
b. Labor Unions were being formed
c. Social Mobility-The ability to work your way up to another social class became more common
d. 1807, the slave trade is abolished
e. 1920 and 1928 America and Britain’s women gain sufferage
7. In Search of Natural Resources: Stealing is Cheaper than Dealing
a. Raw materials like cotton and rubber had been imported for factories
b. Industrialized Nations gained wealth by colonizing regions with natural resources without compensating the Natives
c. The colonists then had to buy the finished products from “the nation”: the more colonies a nation had the richer it became
8. The European Justification: Superiority is a Heavy Burden
a. Most Europeans were ethnocentric and viewed other cultures as uncivilized
b. Social Darwinists applied Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection to Sociology. They claimed that dominant races/classes rose to the top through a process called “survival of the fittest”. This meant that because Britain was most powerful it was the most fit (superior).
c. Because they were “superior” they believed they had a “moral obligation” to teach other people to be more civilized. (Rudyard Kipling summed it up in his poem “A White Man’s Burden”.)
B. European Imperialism in India
1. The Sepay Mutiny: Too Little Too Late
a. The British East India Company relied on Sepays (Indians under British control) as soldiers
b. The Sepays rebelled in 1857 after they discovered the bullet cartridges were greased with pork and beef fat, which was against their religion.
c. Because of this rebellion, the British Parliament took control (in 1858) of India making it Crown Colony
d. 1877, Queen Victoria was Empress of India
2. Full Blown British Colonization: England on the Incus
a. Things that Britain changed….
(1) India became the model of British Imperialism
(2) Raw Materials flowed to Britain; finished materials flowed back out
(3) People had to have English attitudes and learn English language
(4) Christianity spread
(5) Railroads and canals were built
(6) Urbanization increased
b. 1885, there came the Indian National Congress to begin the path of Independence
C. European Imperialism in China
1. The Opium Wars: European Drug Pushers Force their Rights to Deal
a. 1773, Britain introduces Opium to China
b. 1838, Chinese Emperor bans Opium from China
c. 1839, Chinese seizes British Opium….starting a war from 1839-1842 (over Opium)
2. The Word is Out….China is Crumbling
a. China started to grow weak…an internal rebellion(the White Lotus rebellion) started in the early 19th century
b. 1860’s, Korea found China weak and declared it’s self independent from China
c. Then China lost control of Vietnam
d. Ten years later China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War
e. 1895 the treaty of Shimanoseki forced China to hand over Taiwan and grant trading rights with Japan
3. The Boxer rebellion: Knocked out in the First Round
a. 20th century...Nnationalism among Chinese peasants was festering
b. Groups that organized in response of the government’s defeat were…
(1) Anti Manchu
(2) Anti European
(3) Anti Christian
(4) The Society of the Righteous and Harmonious fists, Car Boxers
c. The Boxer’s zeal was to drive Europeans and Japanese out of China
D. Japanese Imperialism
1. The Meiji Restoration: Shogun out, Emperor in, Westerners out
a. The Meiji Restoration had an era of Japanese Westernization
b. 1870’s, Japan was building railways and steamships
c. 1876, Samurai were abolished
d. 1890’s, Japan’s industrial and military power was on a roll…enough to reduce the European and US influence
E. European Imperialism in Africa
1. The Slave Trade Finally Ends
a. 1807-1820, many European Nations abolished slave trade
b. Slavery itself is not abolished until a few decades later
c. No new slaves could come in but those who were already slaves would continue to be slaves
2. South Africa: Gold Rings, A Diamond Necklace and a British Crown
a. South Africa becomes valuable (to Europe) for shipping and military reasons
b. Dutch came first…settled Cape Town
c. 1795, Brits seized Cape Town
d. Transvaal….discovery of diamonds and gold….causes a series of wars over resources
e. South Africa became a British Colony
f. 1910, the Colony got it’s own Constitution, still under Britain but did gain a lot of self-rule
3. Egypt- A New Waterway Makes A Splash
a. Ottomans ruled Egypt from 1517-1882, though in 19th century it’s rule was very weak
b. Napolean tried to take over Egypt (Mohammed Ali defeated the French and Ottomans and gained control of Egypt in 1805
c. His successor, AbbasI, worked with the French to construct the Suez Canal
d. The canal helped the British most…In 1882, seized the canal and claimed Egypt as a British Protectorate
4. The Berlin Conference: Carving Up the Continent
a. 1884, Otto von Bismarck had a conference with the European powers in Berlin to resolve various European claims to the African Congo
b. After three decades, almost all of Africa was colonized by Britain, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Belgium.
c. Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free of Europe by 1914
d. Europeans built railroads, dams, roads but treated the Natives poorly
II. Political Developments in the Americas and Europe
A. Two Revolutions: America and French
1. Independence can’t happen without a little Paine
a. Thomas Paine (American) urged the colonists to support the movement against the British. He wrote the pamplet called “Common Sense” where he discusses his ideas and ridicules the Monoarchy.
b. France: Sent ships, soldiers, weapons and money to aid in the American cause
2. The French Revolution
a. The estates General: Generally a mess (French society was divided to three estates)
(1) Clergy
(2) Nobles
(3) Everyone else
b. The king had to summons one person from every estate to talk and they hoped to gain favors from the king…they wanted to meet together but Parliament said “no”.
c. 1789, formed the National Assembly...peasants grow restless and attack the Bastille (a prison) and anarchy spread.
3. A New Constitution Causes Consternation
a. 1791, National Assembly creates new constitution similar to United States
b. Austrians and Prussians invade France (to restore Monarchy because King’s wife, Marie Antoinette, was sister of king of Austria).
c. The French made a new constitution called the convention, which made France a Republic
4. The Reign of Terror: the Hard Fought Constitution Gets Tossed Aside
a. The convertion was worried that foreign threats would lead to their demise…they throw out the constitution and created the Committee of Public Safety.
5. Napoleon: Big Things Come in Little Packages
a. Napoleon Bonaparte: General by the age of twenty-four
b. 1779, he over threw the Directory by popular vote. He declared himself first consul
c. He initiates many reforms in agriculture, infrastructure and education
d. 1804, Napoleonic Laws declared the equality of French citizens
e. His troops conquer Austria, Prussia, Spain, Portugal and Italy
6. The congress of Vienna: Pencils and Erasers at Work
a. 1815, Congress decreed a balance of power should be maintained among the powers of Europe (to avoid another rise like Napoleon).
B. Lots of Independence Moments: Latin America
1. Haiti: Slave Revolt Sends France a Jolt
a. The first successful Latin American revolt was in Haiti
b. Colonists had plantations and slaves were treated terribly
2. South America: Visions of Grandeur
a. 1808, Napoleon appoints his brother to the Spanish throne (Spanish people appointed their own leader, Simon Bolivar).
b. Argentina: conflict between French governor and supporters of Spanish Crown. Jose de Martin took command of Argentinean armies
c. 1820’s, Huge chunk of South America declares it’s independence
3. Brazil-Power to the People
a. Brazil was a Portuguese colony and the King fled there in exile…when he returned to Portugal, he left his son Pedro to run the country
b. Pedro crowned himself Emperor
4. Mexico- A Tale of Two Priests
a. 1810, Migal Hidalgo (a priest) led a revolt against Spanish rule
b. The Spanish execute Hildago but Jose Meralos picked up where he left off and led the revolutionaries to further success against the Loyalists
5. The Effects of Independence Movements: More Independence than Freedoms
a. In some Latin American countries, independence was not spread among the citizens
b. Peasants still worked on Plantations and a middle class of merchants and small farmers didn’t emerge….the enlightenment ideas didn’t spread either.
c. The Catholic Church still remained powerful in Latin America
d. Latin economies were still dependent on Europe
C. Two Unifications: Italy and germany
1. The Unification of Italy: Italians give foreign occupiers the boot
a. Mid 19th century Italy was a lot of small kingdoms
b. 1849, King of Sardinia (Victor Emmanuel II) named Count Camillo Cavarhis as Prime Minister and Nationalism took off (removing Austrian influence from Italy)
c. Italians gain control of Venetia
2. The Uniform of Germany: All about Otto
a. 1861, King of Prussia appointed Otto von Bismarck prime minister
b. Bismarck defeated Autria and secured other German principalities
c. France declares war on Russia (after being provoked by Bismarck) starting Franco-Prussian War
D. Other Political Developments
1. Russia: life with Czars
a. 19th century, Russia gave absolute power to the Romanov’s
b. 1860’s, Alexander II issued Emancipation Edict, which abolished serfdom
c. Alexander III created policy called Russianification (all Russian people had to learn Russian and convert to Russian Orthodoxy
d. 1894-1917, Nicholas II reigned and Russians wanted a revolution
2. The Ottoman Empire: Are They Still Calling it an Empire?
a. 16th c. Ottoman Empire begins it’s decline
b. 17th – 18th c. they are fighting Russia
c. Greece, Egypt, Arabia launched independence Movements
3. U.S. Foreign Policy: This Hemisphere is Our Hemisphere
a. President Monroe declared that Western Hemisphere was off limits to European aggression
b. The Roosevelt Corollary said U.S. could intervene in financial disputes between European powers (to maintain peace)
III. Technology and Intellectual developments
A. Rail lines, steam engines, new entertainment, literature and ideas; Economic, political and social changes
IV. Women
Women still had few freedoms but women (in general)were not effected by the enlightenment ideas of freedom, equality and liberty.
Feminist writers begin to emerge in this century
Tuesday, July 8, 2008
Chapter Eight: Old Stuff....1450-1750
Here Is a rough start on my chapter eight outline. I will revise later.
Chapter Eight: Old Stuff
Approximately 1450 through around 1750 C.E.
Revolutions in European thought and expression
Europe has been Christian for thousands of years.
Life was dominated by
a. Local issues
b. Salvation
c. Territorial disputes
d. Black death
e. Lack of education
f. Small scale trade
The Renaissance-classical civilization part II
Note: After the Black Death, Europe began to swell, demands for goods and services began to increase, people moved to cities, and the middle class was made up of bankers, merchants and traders.
a. Humanism- a bit more focus on the here and now
(1) Life was something to be suffered through to get to heaven
(2) As Europeans discovered ancient texts, they got the idea that instead of fulfillment of the afterlife people could participate in the here-and –now
(3) But Catholic Church and afterlife remained dominant. Europeans just grew fascinated with Greek and Roman concepts of beauty and citizenship.
b. The Arts stage a comeback
(1) Renaissance starts.
(2)There were artists like Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci and Donatello.
(3)Artists start painting more realistically, paintings started to have a 3-D feel to them and it was a big step towards realism.
c. Western writers finally get readers.
(1) With the result of the printing press, there was more of a demand for books and more people began learning how to read.
(2) Famous writers included Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, and William Shakespeare.
The Protestant Reformation: streamlining salvation
Notes: Popes wielded considerable political power. The church was the one thing that Western Europe had in common. It was a unifying force. To pay for building projects and Renaissance artists, the church began to sell indulgences, which was a piece of paper that people could purchase to reduce time in Purgatory.
a. Martin Luther- man on a mission
(1) 1517 Martin Luther nailed 95 theses that outlined his frustrations of common church practices on a church door.
(2) Luther thought that church services should be translated into the local language of the people. He translated the bible into German so more people could read it.
(3) He suggested that the bible teaches that people could appeal to God directly for forgiveness.
(4) Pope Leo X got really mad at Luther, and ordered him to retract the theses.
b. Christianity splits again
(1) People who followed Luther were called Lutherans.
(2) John Calvin led a Protestant group.
(3) Henry VIII was king.
c. The Counter Reformation: The Pope reasserts his authority
(1) During the Catholic Reformation 16th century, the church reformed
(2) They banned indulgences
(3) Priests lived the catholic life rather than just preaching it
The scientific Revolution: prove it or lose it
Notes: People believed Earth was the center of the universe, and that planets and stars revolved around it.
The Copernican Revolution: A Revolution About Revolutions
(1) Nicolas Copernicus made his theory that the earth rotated around sun
(2) 1632 Galileo publishes dialogues concerning two chief systems of the world.
The Scientific Method: In Search of Truth
(1) Copernicus and Galileo were the fathers of Scientific Method
(2) Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) built an observatory
(3) Francis Bacon published works on inductive logic
(4) Johannes Kepler developed laws of planetary motion
(5) Issac Newton invented calculus
Deism: God Is A Watch Maker
Notes: The scientific revolution contributed to the belief of Deism, which believed in a god that created and presided a realm but did not interfere with it’s workings.
The Enlightenment: Out of the Darkness into the Light
Notes: The enlightenment in 17th and 18th century focused on Government
First a Little Background: Devine Right
(1) During the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Counter Reformation, the church allied itself with strong Monarchs.
(2) King James said (about Devine Right) “The king is from God and the law is from the king” so an illegal act would be an ungodly act.
The Social Contract: Power to the People
(1) Thomas Hobbies saw people as greedy and prone to violent warfare,
(2) John Locke believed mankind was good,
(3) Jean-Jacques Rousseau thought all men were equal.
European Exploration and Expansion: Empires of the Wind
15th century exploration for Europe; increased number of explorers….
a. Amerigo Vespuci
b. Ponce de Leon
c. Vasco de Balboa
d. Ferdinand Magellan
e. Biaranni da Verrazano
f. Sir Francis Drake
g. John Cabot
h. Henry Hudson
And Now for a Quick Word from Our Sponsors
(Things that helped the time of exploration)
a. Stern post rudder: added better navigation
b. Lateen sail: allowed ships to sail in any direction
c. Astrolabe: navigation device
d. Magnetic Compass: also a navigation device
e. Three Mast Caravels: Bigger ships
The New World: Accidental Empire
a. Hernan Cortez landed in Mexico in 1519
b. Conquistadors introduce horses to Mexico (the Aztec capitol of Tenochtitlan)
c. Montezuma (the Aztec Ruler) mistakes Cortez for a god and sends gifts of gold to appease deity…this fuels the fire to conquer more.
Disease: The Ultimate Weapon of Mass Destruction
a. In 1531, Francisco Pizarro fought the Inca tribes
b. Disease, superior weapons and help from enemies quickly destroys what little resistance the Incas could mount.
The Encamienda System: American Feudalism
a. Spaniards came to build an empire in new world. The colonial society was a hierarchal organization.
b. At the top, peninsulares, Spanish officials
c. Crillos, people born in the colony to Spanish parents
d. Mestizos, those with European and Native American ancestry
e. Native Americans
The African Slave Trade: The Love of Money
a. 15th century, Portuguese captured slaves
b. When plantations in the new world needed labor…slaves were sent
c. Many slaves died en route before leaving the ships
The Columbian exchange: Continental Shift
a. This introduces new foods, animals and resources into the new world
b. This included horses, pigs, goats, Chile peppers and sugar
The Commercial Revolution: The New Economy
The age of exploration made new financing schemes like….
a. Joint stock company which pooled the resources of many merchants
b. Moscovy Company of England who monopolized trade routes to Russia
c. Dutch East India Company who controlled routes to the Spice Islands
Oh Yeah….Remember Asia?
a. 16th-18th centuries Europeans establish trade with Asia
b. Portuguese set up trading in Goa (West Coast of India) and gain control of Spice Islands
c. Both China and Japan work very hard at being isolationists (keeping the world out)
II. DEVELOPMENT IN SPECIFIC COUNTRIES AND EMPIRES 1450-1750 C.E.
A European Rivals
1. Spain and Portugal
a. In 1469, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella initiated the consolidation of Spain
b. International Importance grew under Charles V. (Charles V was a Harpsburg from Austria.)
c. 1519, Charles was also elected Holy Roman Emperor.
d. The Spanish Empire in the West sees it’s greatest expansion under Philip II.
e. England and Spain fight over the Brittish Isles. England wins this and moves on to expand their own territory.
2. England
a The Popes authority was nullified, in England, by King Henry VIII (a clever rouse so he could divorce his wife, Anne Boleyn).
b. Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII, oversees the Golden Age of the Arts…known as the Elizabethan Age (1550-1603).
c. During this time the Moscovy Company was founded
d. King James (1607): Widespread problems persist with the various religions (Protestant Reforms, Catholics, Puritans….) Inspiring the Puritans to cross the Atlantic to Plymouth Colony (1620).
e. Charles I (son of James) rises to power (1625) and three years later signs the petition of Rights (a document limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment).
f. Long Parliament limits the absolute power of the Monarchy.
Notes: Oliver Cromwell defeated the armies of Charles I and the King was later tried and executed.
g. Cromwell ruled as Protector of what is called the English Commonwealth
h. Charles II (son of Charles I) takes the throne, restores limited monarch; this is called Stuart Restoration (1660-1688)
Note: Charles (a closet Catholic) acknowledges the rights of the people, especially religion; he agrees to the Habeas Corpus Act (which protects people from arrest with out due process).
3. France
a. Cardinal Richelieu played an important role as Chief Advisor (he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin).
b. Louis XIV was four when he inherited the crown of France (his Cardinal Mother ruled in his name until he reached adulthood).
d. Jean Baptist Colbert-to Manage royal funds- he wanted to increase the size of French Empire.
4. German Areas: (The Holy Roman Empire, Sort of)
a. Holy Roman Empire was in Germany and Austria
b. It was Feudal, with Lords running things
c. It lost parts of Hungary to the Turkish people in the 16th century
d. The 30yr war weakened the Holy Roman Empire
e. By the 18th century, German City States were gaining power
B. Russia Out Of Isolation
1. Turks conquer Constantinople, and the center of the Orthodox Christianity moved to Moscow
2. 1480, Ivan III declared Russia free of Mongol rule
3. His grandson, Ivan IV or Ivan the Terrible, expanded Russia’s holding with no cost to the people
4. Ivan dies in 1584 and no one knows who should be Czar. In 1613, Michael Romanov was elected Czar and the Romanov family ruled until 1917.
C. Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid and Mughall
1. The ottomans made Constantinople their capitol city…renaming it Istanbul (great song BTW!)
2. Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their own religions making it one of the more tolerant Nations
3. Ottomans turned Christian children into warriors called Janissaries
4. Ottoman Empire lasts until 1922
5. The chief rivals of the Ottomans were the Safavids
6. 1526, a man named Babur establishes a new Empire in India called Mughall Empire, which lasted for 300years.
D. Africa
1. 10th century, states develop in Southern and Western Africa based on wealth
2. Empire Songhai was an Islamic state with economic ties to the Muslim world (through the trade of salt and gold)
3. The Kingdom Kango had trades with Portuguese merchants as early as 1480’s
The Portuguese had a small trading post South of Kango and Ndongo.
E. Isolated Asia
1. China
a. 1368, the Ming Dynasty kicked out the last Mongol rulers
b. In 15th century, China built huge fleets that went through Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean and all the way to Africa
c. 16th century, Ming Dynasty started to decline
d. The Machus ruled China until 1912
2. Japan
a. (16th c.) Many Shoguns ruled Japan: Emperor merely a figurehead
b. Feudalism waned during the century
c. 1542, Portuguese establishes trade with Japan
d. In 1600, Takugawa Leyasu made the Takugawa Shogunate a strict, ridgid government that ruled China until 1868
e. Tokugawa was so worried that Japan would be overrun by foreign influences, that when the Portuguese people sailed into Japan (in 1690) he had them executed on the spot.
III. Technology and Innovations 1450-1750
A. Europe becomes powerful force
1. Willingness to adapt
B Europe establishes overseas trading empires
1. Moved plants and animals and transformed the interactions of the world
IV. Changes and Contributions in the Roles of Women
A. Many women took power at this time like Elizabeth I, Isabella of Spain and Nur Jahan of India.
B. However freedoms and status still changed very little from last period
V. Pulling It All Together
1. European exploration of the Americas
2. The start of direct contact with Asia
3. In Renaissance, Europe explored it’s own History
4. During Protestant Reformation they explored their relationship with God
5. During Scientific Revolution, they explored the Universe and Scientific Laws6. Commercial Revolution, they explored their own potential
Chapter Eight: Old Stuff
Approximately 1450 through around 1750 C.E.
Revolutions in European thought and expression
Europe has been Christian for thousands of years.
Life was dominated by
a. Local issues
b. Salvation
c. Territorial disputes
d. Black death
e. Lack of education
f. Small scale trade
The Renaissance-classical civilization part II
Note: After the Black Death, Europe began to swell, demands for goods and services began to increase, people moved to cities, and the middle class was made up of bankers, merchants and traders.
a. Humanism- a bit more focus on the here and now
(1) Life was something to be suffered through to get to heaven
(2) As Europeans discovered ancient texts, they got the idea that instead of fulfillment of the afterlife people could participate in the here-and –now
(3) But Catholic Church and afterlife remained dominant. Europeans just grew fascinated with Greek and Roman concepts of beauty and citizenship.
b. The Arts stage a comeback
(1) Renaissance starts.
(2)There were artists like Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Leonardo da Vinci and Donatello.
(3)Artists start painting more realistically, paintings started to have a 3-D feel to them and it was a big step towards realism.
c. Western writers finally get readers.
(1) With the result of the printing press, there was more of a demand for books and more people began learning how to read.
(2) Famous writers included Erasmus, Sir Thomas More, and William Shakespeare.
The Protestant Reformation: streamlining salvation
Notes: Popes wielded considerable political power. The church was the one thing that Western Europe had in common. It was a unifying force. To pay for building projects and Renaissance artists, the church began to sell indulgences, which was a piece of paper that people could purchase to reduce time in Purgatory.
a. Martin Luther- man on a mission
(1) 1517 Martin Luther nailed 95 theses that outlined his frustrations of common church practices on a church door.
(2) Luther thought that church services should be translated into the local language of the people. He translated the bible into German so more people could read it.
(3) He suggested that the bible teaches that people could appeal to God directly for forgiveness.
(4) Pope Leo X got really mad at Luther, and ordered him to retract the theses.
b. Christianity splits again
(1) People who followed Luther were called Lutherans.
(2) John Calvin led a Protestant group.
(3) Henry VIII was king.
c. The Counter Reformation: The Pope reasserts his authority
(1) During the Catholic Reformation 16th century, the church reformed
(2) They banned indulgences
(3) Priests lived the catholic life rather than just preaching it
The scientific Revolution: prove it or lose it
Notes: People believed Earth was the center of the universe, and that planets and stars revolved around it.
The Copernican Revolution: A Revolution About Revolutions
(1) Nicolas Copernicus made his theory that the earth rotated around sun
(2) 1632 Galileo publishes dialogues concerning two chief systems of the world.
The Scientific Method: In Search of Truth
(1) Copernicus and Galileo were the fathers of Scientific Method
(2) Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) built an observatory
(3) Francis Bacon published works on inductive logic
(4) Johannes Kepler developed laws of planetary motion
(5) Issac Newton invented calculus
Deism: God Is A Watch Maker
Notes: The scientific revolution contributed to the belief of Deism, which believed in a god that created and presided a realm but did not interfere with it’s workings.
The Enlightenment: Out of the Darkness into the Light
Notes: The enlightenment in 17th and 18th century focused on Government
First a Little Background: Devine Right
(1) During the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Counter Reformation, the church allied itself with strong Monarchs.
(2) King James said (about Devine Right) “The king is from God and the law is from the king” so an illegal act would be an ungodly act.
The Social Contract: Power to the People
(1) Thomas Hobbies saw people as greedy and prone to violent warfare,
(2) John Locke believed mankind was good,
(3) Jean-Jacques Rousseau thought all men were equal.
European Exploration and Expansion: Empires of the Wind
15th century exploration for Europe; increased number of explorers….
a. Amerigo Vespuci
b. Ponce de Leon
c. Vasco de Balboa
d. Ferdinand Magellan
e. Biaranni da Verrazano
f. Sir Francis Drake
g. John Cabot
h. Henry Hudson
And Now for a Quick Word from Our Sponsors
(Things that helped the time of exploration)
a. Stern post rudder: added better navigation
b. Lateen sail: allowed ships to sail in any direction
c. Astrolabe: navigation device
d. Magnetic Compass: also a navigation device
e. Three Mast Caravels: Bigger ships
The New World: Accidental Empire
a. Hernan Cortez landed in Mexico in 1519
b. Conquistadors introduce horses to Mexico (the Aztec capitol of Tenochtitlan)
c. Montezuma (the Aztec Ruler) mistakes Cortez for a god and sends gifts of gold to appease deity…this fuels the fire to conquer more.
Disease: The Ultimate Weapon of Mass Destruction
a. In 1531, Francisco Pizarro fought the Inca tribes
b. Disease, superior weapons and help from enemies quickly destroys what little resistance the Incas could mount.
The Encamienda System: American Feudalism
a. Spaniards came to build an empire in new world. The colonial society was a hierarchal organization.
b. At the top, peninsulares, Spanish officials
c. Crillos, people born in the colony to Spanish parents
d. Mestizos, those with European and Native American ancestry
e. Native Americans
The African Slave Trade: The Love of Money
a. 15th century, Portuguese captured slaves
b. When plantations in the new world needed labor…slaves were sent
c. Many slaves died en route before leaving the ships
The Columbian exchange: Continental Shift
a. This introduces new foods, animals and resources into the new world
b. This included horses, pigs, goats, Chile peppers and sugar
The Commercial Revolution: The New Economy
The age of exploration made new financing schemes like….
a. Joint stock company which pooled the resources of many merchants
b. Moscovy Company of England who monopolized trade routes to Russia
c. Dutch East India Company who controlled routes to the Spice Islands
Oh Yeah….Remember Asia?
a. 16th-18th centuries Europeans establish trade with Asia
b. Portuguese set up trading in Goa (West Coast of India) and gain control of Spice Islands
c. Both China and Japan work very hard at being isolationists (keeping the world out)
II. DEVELOPMENT IN SPECIFIC COUNTRIES AND EMPIRES 1450-1750 C.E.
A European Rivals
1. Spain and Portugal
a. In 1469, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella initiated the consolidation of Spain
b. International Importance grew under Charles V. (Charles V was a Harpsburg from Austria.)
c. 1519, Charles was also elected Holy Roman Emperor.
d. The Spanish Empire in the West sees it’s greatest expansion under Philip II.
e. England and Spain fight over the Brittish Isles. England wins this and moves on to expand their own territory.
2. England
a The Popes authority was nullified, in England, by King Henry VIII (a clever rouse so he could divorce his wife, Anne Boleyn).
b. Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII, oversees the Golden Age of the Arts…known as the Elizabethan Age (1550-1603).
c. During this time the Moscovy Company was founded
d. King James (1607): Widespread problems persist with the various religions (Protestant Reforms, Catholics, Puritans….) Inspiring the Puritans to cross the Atlantic to Plymouth Colony (1620).
e. Charles I (son of James) rises to power (1625) and three years later signs the petition of Rights (a document limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment).
f. Long Parliament limits the absolute power of the Monarchy.
Notes: Oliver Cromwell defeated the armies of Charles I and the King was later tried and executed.
g. Cromwell ruled as Protector of what is called the English Commonwealth
h. Charles II (son of Charles I) takes the throne, restores limited monarch; this is called Stuart Restoration (1660-1688)
Note: Charles (a closet Catholic) acknowledges the rights of the people, especially religion; he agrees to the Habeas Corpus Act (which protects people from arrest with out due process).
3. France
a. Cardinal Richelieu played an important role as Chief Advisor (he was succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin).
b. Louis XIV was four when he inherited the crown of France (his Cardinal Mother ruled in his name until he reached adulthood).
d. Jean Baptist Colbert-to Manage royal funds- he wanted to increase the size of French Empire.
4. German Areas: (The Holy Roman Empire, Sort of)
a. Holy Roman Empire was in Germany and Austria
b. It was Feudal, with Lords running things
c. It lost parts of Hungary to the Turkish people in the 16th century
d. The 30yr war weakened the Holy Roman Empire
e. By the 18th century, German City States were gaining power
B. Russia Out Of Isolation
1. Turks conquer Constantinople, and the center of the Orthodox Christianity moved to Moscow
2. 1480, Ivan III declared Russia free of Mongol rule
3. His grandson, Ivan IV or Ivan the Terrible, expanded Russia’s holding with no cost to the people
4. Ivan dies in 1584 and no one knows who should be Czar. In 1613, Michael Romanov was elected Czar and the Romanov family ruled until 1917.
C. Islamic Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid and Mughall
1. The ottomans made Constantinople their capitol city…renaming it Istanbul (great song BTW!)
2. Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their own religions making it one of the more tolerant Nations
3. Ottomans turned Christian children into warriors called Janissaries
4. Ottoman Empire lasts until 1922
5. The chief rivals of the Ottomans were the Safavids
6. 1526, a man named Babur establishes a new Empire in India called Mughall Empire, which lasted for 300years.
D. Africa
1. 10th century, states develop in Southern and Western Africa based on wealth
2. Empire Songhai was an Islamic state with economic ties to the Muslim world (through the trade of salt and gold)
3. The Kingdom Kango had trades with Portuguese merchants as early as 1480’s
The Portuguese had a small trading post South of Kango and Ndongo.
E. Isolated Asia
1. China
a. 1368, the Ming Dynasty kicked out the last Mongol rulers
b. In 15th century, China built huge fleets that went through Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean and all the way to Africa
c. 16th century, Ming Dynasty started to decline
d. The Machus ruled China until 1912
2. Japan
a. (16th c.) Many Shoguns ruled Japan: Emperor merely a figurehead
b. Feudalism waned during the century
c. 1542, Portuguese establishes trade with Japan
d. In 1600, Takugawa Leyasu made the Takugawa Shogunate a strict, ridgid government that ruled China until 1868
e. Tokugawa was so worried that Japan would be overrun by foreign influences, that when the Portuguese people sailed into Japan (in 1690) he had them executed on the spot.
III. Technology and Innovations 1450-1750
A. Europe becomes powerful force
1. Willingness to adapt
B Europe establishes overseas trading empires
1. Moved plants and animals and transformed the interactions of the world
IV. Changes and Contributions in the Roles of Women
A. Many women took power at this time like Elizabeth I, Isabella of Spain and Nur Jahan of India.
B. However freedoms and status still changed very little from last period
V. Pulling It All Together
1. European exploration of the Americas
2. The start of direct contact with Asia
3. In Renaissance, Europe explored it’s own History
4. During Protestant Reformation they explored their relationship with God
5. During Scientific Revolution, they explored the Universe and Scientific Laws6. Commercial Revolution, they explored their own potential
Wednesday, July 2, 2008
Slow Internet Connections and Google Notebook: Not Always Good
Chapter Seven Notes
Really Old Stuff: Around 600 to 1450 C.E.
I. Review of History Within Civilizations
A. The Rise of Islam
(In the 7th century the Islam faith rises. The founder was Mohammad, his word was recorded in the Qu'ran and the followers of Islam are called Muslims. To reach salvation followers would have to submit to the will of God by following the Five Pillars of Faith. This was.....confession of faith....prayer five times a day....charity to the needy.....fasting during the month long Ramadan.....pigrimage to Mecca at least once during your life.
1. Allah Be Praised: Islam Takes Hold
a. Mohammad (from Mecca) was exposed to both
Judaism and Christianity: begins preaching Islam
b. this causes conflicts with the leaders of Mecca
c. Mohammad and followers flee to Medina 622C.E.
d. Islam spread throughout Arabian Peninsula
2. The Empire Grows as the Region Splits
a. Mohammad dies in 632C.E.
b. Abu Bakr becomes the new religious leader
(this is known as a caliph......)
c. the first four caliphs were Abu Bakr, Umar,
Uthman and Ali
d. caliphs begin acting like hereditary rulers except
there was no clear line of succesion
e. Ali's son, Hasan, was the last caliph before the
Umayyad Dynasty
Note: As Islam tried to expand further into Europe a Frankish leader named Charles Martel held them back.
3. The Abbasid Dynasty: Another Golden Age to
Remember (from 750-1258
a. a golden age where Arts and Science flourish
b. Capitol city of Baghdad is built
c. Islamis Empire was defeated by Mongols
4. Women and Islam: For Better or Worse
a. women in Arabia couldn't have property rights
b. women were viewed as property of men
c. the Qu'ran changes the status of women greatly
(women were still subservient to men but they
had more dignity, legal rights and were
considered equals under Allah (God)
5. Decline of the Caliphates: Internal Rivalries and
Mongol Invasions
a. Israel had many internal struggles and civil wars
(usually from the Suni and Shia sects)
b. but eventually it is the Mongols who defeat Islam
(during 1258, Mongols overrun Islam and destroy
Baghdad, signalling the end of the Abbasid
Dynasty...people fled to Edypt.)
B. Developments in Europe and Byzantine
(It's now the Middle Ages!!)
1. Byzantine Empire: The Brief Details
a. distinct from Rome
b. Greek Language
c. domed Architecture
d. it's culture was more like Eastern culture
e. their Christianity became a separate branch
(Orthodox Christianity)
f. their rulers ruled with absolute authority
(especially over economy)
2. Impact of Orthodoxy on Russia: Feast in the East
a. In the 9th century St. Cyril converts the Slavic
people of Europe and Russia to Christianity
b. Vladmir, a Russian Prince, also converts
(rumor has it he considered Islam, Judaism, and
Roman Catholism but he chose Orthodox
Christianity because there's no eating restriction
3. Meanwhile Out West: The Franks vs The Muslims
a. Frank tribes settle throughout Western Europe
b. Most tribes convert to Christianity
c. tribes come into contact and form alliances
d. these areas spread far enough to be considered
kingdoms...the most significant being the Franks
4. Charlemagne: The Empire Strikes Back
Note: Centuries pass in Europe after the break up of the Roman Empire, where no empire existed.
a. Charlemagne built the Holy Roman Empire
Note: very little in common with the original Roman Empire other than the power was once again central
b. Rome begins to think of itsself as world leaders
5. The Vikings: Raiders of the Norse
a. Vikings start invading Europe around 800
b. the vikings were merchants and fisherman
c. they had multi-oared boats used to raid upon the
sea, Atlantic Ocean and Inland rivers
6. European Feudalism: Land Divided
a. Feudalism was a social, economic and political
system of the Middle Ages
b. It had a strict heirarchy...King...nobles...vassels
then peasants
7. Height of the Middle Ages: Trading and Crusading
a. towns with wealthy merchants arose
b. Merchants become politically powerful
c. Crusades were also happening
Note: The Crusades were military campaignes undertake by European Christians through the 11th-14th centuries to convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity.
8. The Emergence of Nation States: Power Solidifies
a. In Middle Ages, Europe was organized into a feudal
Kingdom rather than countries
b. Europe begins to organize cultural and linguistic lines
9. What About Russia?
a. In 1242, Russia falls to Taters (Mongols from the East who were led by Ghengis Khan)
b. The Taters rule a large chunk of Russia for 2 centuries
c. by 14th century, Mongol power started to decline
d. Russian princes of Moscovy gain power
e. Ivan III expanded Moscovy territory and declares himself Czar
f. As the center of the East orthodox Church, Moscow was declared the third Rome
C. Developments in Asia
1. China and Nearby Regions
Note: The three strong dynasties during this period....T'ang (618-907c.e.), Song (960-1279c.e.)and Ming (1368-1644c.e.) developed Golden Ages.
a. A Quick Review of the Rise and Fall and.......
(1) beginning in 618 the T'ang ruled
(2) Emperor Xuanzang expanded Chinese territory into Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Korea.
(3) by 907, the empire became so large that local warlords gained so much powered that the T'ang Dynasty collapses
(4) 960, China started the Song Dynasty (Emperor Taizu)
(5) Song eventually falls and Ming comes to power after a brief period of Mongol power.
Notes: During this time printing processes were developed as well as gunpowder, magnetic compasses, junks (type of boat) and other technological advances.
b. Chinese Women: Bound to Lead, Most Just Bound
(1) Wu Zhou became first (and only) Chinese Empress
Note: She was ruthless to adversaries and compassionate to the peasants.
(2) Most women did not get this sort of power; as in most civilizations, women were considered inferior to men.
(3) During the Song Dynasty, foot binding became a popular practice. They would bind a woman's feet shortly after birth so feet would remain small.
c. Religion in China:Diverse Beliefs
Notes: There have been many religious influences, following the Han Dynasty, (Nestorians, Manicheans, Zoroastrians and Islam). But the religion with the most impact was Buddhism.
(1) Buddhism: Mahayana (peaceful and quiet existence) and Chan or Zen (meditation and appreciation of beauty)
(2) Confucianism and Daoism reacted strongly to the spread of Buddhism
(3) Emperor Wuzong destroys thousands of monasteries and reduced the influence of Buddhism
(4) Neo-Confucianism in China (borrowing Buddhist ideas)
2. Japan
Notes: Japan was pretty much isolated for thousands of years; ideas, religions and material goods traveled between Japan and the rest of Asia, but the exchange rate was fairly limited. Not a lot is known about Japan prior to 400c.e. except that they were influenced by Korea. The first important ruling family was the Yamato clan, in the 5th century. Very early, the Shinto Religion took hold in Japan. Shinto means "way of the Gods" and followers worshiped Kami (nature and forces of nature). The goal under Shinto is to become part of the Kami (by following rituals and customs).
a. Can't get enough of China: Go to Japan
(1) sixth century, China greatly influences Japan
(2) 522, Buddhist missionaries went to Japan and brought Chinese culture.
(3) Buddhism spread quickly but doesn't replace Shinto
(4) seventh century, Chinese influence even more
b. Here Comes the Fujiwara: At Home in Heian
(1) 794, capitol moves to Heian
(2) powerful family (Fujiwara) intermarry, over several generations, with the Emperor's family and ran the affairs of the country
(3) Japan's Golden Age under Fujiwara
(4) During the 12th century power was spread to many noble families; this started fights over territories
(5) Japan develops a feudal system like in Europe
c. Feudal Japan
(1) Feudal Systems of Japan starts independently, at (approx) the same time as Europe's
(2) 1192, Yoritomo Minamoto was given the title of Chief general by the Emperor
Note: Nobles were running things...Emperor was just figure head..the guy with the real power was the Chief General.
3. Vietnam and Korea
a. Chinese armies have been in Vietnam and Korea since the Han Dynasty (Korea had it's own independent Dynasty but to maintain a cordial appearance with China, Korea became a Vassal-state of T'ang.
b. Vietnam actively resisted the T'ang armies
c. Confucian education was eventually accepted and trade relationships were formed yet Vietnamese maintain local traditions and continue to revolt against T'ang authorities
4. India
a. The Sultan ate at the Deli: Yes, the Delhi Sultanate
(1) Islamic invaders come to Delhi (with their leader the
Sultan) after defeating the Hindus
(2) 1206: Islam spread through North India for over 200 years
(3) Hindus try to hold onto their religion but the Sultan(offended by Polytheism) works very hard to convert
Note: The Sultan would use force such as destruction of Hindu temples, violence and the building of Mosques to influence the Hindus to convert to Islam.
b. Another Mongol Invasion: Timur Wasn't Timid
Russia, Persia, Central Asia, and china was not enough....the Mongols invade India with the leadership of "Untamed Timur Lang"
D. The Rise and Fall of the Mongols
Notes: Despite being superb horsemen and archers....rivalries between Mongol tribes keep them from unifying and being a world power. This changes when Genghis Khan unifies the Mongol tribes and leads the Mongols on their path of expansion that would lead to the largest empire the world has ever seen. He unified several nomadic tribes and led the Mongol's invasion of China in 1234.
C. Deveolpments in Asia
1. China and Nearby Regions
Note: The three strong dynasties during this period....T'ang (618-907c.e.), Song (960-1279c.e.)and Ming (1368-1644c.e.) developed Golden Ages.
a. A Quick Review of the Rise and Fall and.......
(1) beginning in 618 the T'ang ruled
(2) Emperor Xuanzang expanded Chinese territory into Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Korea.
(3) by 907, the empire becam so large that local warlords gained so much powere that the T'ang Dynasty collapses
(4) 960, China started the Song Dynasty (Emperor Taizu)
(5) Song eventually falls and Ming comes to power after a brief period of Mongol power.
Notes: During this time printing processes were developed as well as gunpowder, magnetic compasses, junks (type of boat) and other technological advances.
b. Chinese Women: Bound to Lead, Most Just Bound
(1) Wu Zhou became first (and only) Chinese Empress
Note: She was ruthless to adersaries and compassionate to the peasants.
(2) Most women did not get this sort of power; as in most civilizations, women were concidered inferior to men.
(3) During the Song Dynasty, foot binding became a popular practice. They would bind a woman's feet shortly after birth so feet would remain small.
c. Religion in China:Diverse Beliefs
Notes: There have been many religious influences, following the Han Dynasty, (Nestorians, Manicheans, Zoroastrians and Islam). But the religion with the most impact was Buddhism.
(1) Buddhism: Mahayana (peaceful and quiet existence) and Chan or Zen (meditation and appreciation of beauty)
(2) Confucianism and Daoism reacted strongly to the spread of Buddhism
(3) Emperor Wuzong destroys thousands of monestaries and reduced the influence of Buddhism
(4) Neo-Confucianism in China (borrowing Buddhist ideas)
2. Japan
Notes: Japan was pretty much isolated for thousands of years; ideas, religions and material goods traveled between Japan and the rest of Asia, but the exchange rate was fairly limited. Not a lot is known about Japan prior to 400c.e. except that they were influenced by Korea. The first important ruling family was the Yamato clan, in the 5th century. Very early, the Shinto Religion took hold in Japan. Shinto means "way of the Gods" and followers worshipped Kami (nature and forces of nature). The goal under Shinto is to become part of the Kami (by following rituals and custums).
a. Can't get enough of China: Go to Japan
(1) sixth century, China greatly influences Japan
(2) 522, Buddhist missionaries went to Japan and brought Chinese culture.
(3) Buddhism spread quickly but does't replace Shinto
(4) seventh century, Chinese influence even more
b. Here Comes the Fugiwara: At Home in Heian
(1) 794, capitol moves to Heian
(2) powerful family (Fugiwara) intermarry, over several generations, with the Emperor's family and ran the affairs of the country
(3) Japan's Golden Age under Fugiwara
(4) During the 12th century power was spread to many noble families; this started fights over territories
(5) Japan develops a feudal system like in Europe
c. Feudal Japan
(1) Feudal Systems of Japan starts independantly, at (approx) the same time as Europe's
(2) 1192, Yoritomo Minamoto was given the title of Cheif general by the Emperor
Note: Nobles were running things...Emperor was just figure head..the guy with the real power was the Cheif General.
3. Vietnam and Korea
a. Chinese armies have been in Vietnam and Korea since the Han Dynasty (Korea had it's own independent Dynasty but to maintain a cordial appearance with China, Korea became a Vassal-state of T'ang.
b. Vietnam activly resisted the T'ang armies
c. Confucian education was eventually accepted and trade relationships were formed yet vietnamese maintain local traditions and continue to revolt against T'ang authorities
4. India
a. The Sultan ate at the Deli: Yes, the Dehi Sultanate
(1) Islamic invaders come to Dehi (with their leader the
Sultan) after defeating the Hindus
(2) 1206: Islam spread through North India for over 200 years
(3) Hindus try to hold onto their religion but the Sultan(offended by Polytheism) works very hard to convert
Note: The Sultan would use force such as destruction of Hindu temples, violence and the building of Mosques to influence the Hindus to convert to Islam.
b. Another Mongol Invasion: Timur Wasn't Timid
Russia, Persia, Central Asia, and china was not enough....the Mongols invade India with the leadership of "Untamed Timur Lang"
D. The Rise and Fall of the Mongols
Notes: Despite being superb horsemen and archers....rivalries between Mongol tribes keep them from unifying and being a world power. This changes when Ghengis Khan unifies the Mongol tribes and leads the Mongols on their path of expansion that would lead to the largest empire the world has ever seen. He unified several nomadic tribes and led the Mongol's invasion of China in 1234.
1. Warning! You are now entering a Golden Age Free Zone
a. The Mongol Civilization was on of territory infrastructure and conquest, but not one of “culture”.
b. The Mongol Empire was so enormous, conquering many different civilizations but did not force a unified religion on any of them.
c. Thou they did not make any advances in the Art’s and Sciences (themselves), their superior infrastructure allowed exchange and spread many ideas.
d. Genghis Khan also established the first pony express and postal system and gave tax breaks to teachers and clergy.
2. How the Mongols Did It: No Rest Until Conquest
a. Mongols burn houses, flatten worship and civil buildings, and if people just gave in….they might spare the city (or not).
b. Mongols could cover 90 miles a day
c. Their bows could be launched from horse back and could range 300yards. (most contemporaries could not shoot while riding)
d. They were separated into units, light cavalry, heavy cavalry and scouting units.
e. Genghis Khan punished traitors swiftly and rewarded courageous acts generously.
3. The Mongol Impact
a. Some Mongols assimilate with those conquered….but some did not or would not…
b. In China, Kublai Khan dismissed Confucian scholars, forbade marriages between Mongols and Chinese and wouldn’t allow the Chinese to learn the Mongol’s language.
c. There were two major consequences of Mongol Rule: The first was Russia didn’t unify or culturally develop as quickly as it’s European neighbors. Secondly, more importantly, world trade, cultural diffusion and awareness grew.
d. Mongol Empire touched Europe and nearly touched Japan; it went to Persia and India making possible to trade but also the transmission of the Black Plague in the 14th century.
e. By 1450, the Mongol Empire was into decline but the world was never again disconnected.
E. Developments in Africa (significant civilizations-Egypt and Carthage)
1. Interactions Kush, Axum and the Swahili Coast
a. Kush and Axum civilizations develop South of Egypt (in the upper reaches of the Nile).
b. Kush developed at the same time as Egypt, and it actually conquered it in 750 b.c.e.
c. Axum rose in the South (modern day Ethiopia). It never conquered anything.
d. Axum did trade with others, especially ivory and gold.
e. In the 4th century, Axum converted to Christianity and in the 7th century many converted to Islam.
2. The Other Side Of The Sand: Ghanda, Mali and Songhai
a. Islamic traders, trade with West African Kingdoms (in Ghanda 800-1000 and Mali 1200-1450 there were tons of gold.
b. Islamic goods coming into Ghanda and Mali were not necessarily good for Ghanda and Mali.
c. This causes an Holy war led by an Islamic group intent on converting or killing them.
d. Even thou they defeated Islam Ghanda went into decline. By the time Mali came into power, everyone was already converted.
3. The Arts in Africa
a. Oral literature- stories (oral histories) passed down from generation to generation (re: Napoleon Dynamite)
b. Sculptures- Early Sub-Saharan African cultures-known for sculptures. The Benin culture mastered bronze sculpting techniques (clay molds around a wax carving…lost wax?)
F. Developments in the Americas
1. Mayan Decline: Where Did They Go?
a. City states/ruled by single king
b. Largely agricultural peasant population (bound to nobility)
c. Poorly drained lowlands of Central America
(built terraces to trap the silt drained by the rivers).
d. Built large cities who were often at odds with each other
e. Social unrest, natural disasters, political dissension, outside invaders all listed as possible reasons for their decline.
2. Aztecs: Trade and Sacrifice (mid 1200’s) (Aztecs also known as Mexica)
a. Tenochtitlan: capitol (modern day Mexico City)
b. Expansionist policy and professional army allowed them to dominate and demand heavy taxes and captives.
c. Warriors were elite.
d. Women had subordinate public roles but could inherit lands (mostly ran the households)
e. Religion tied to military
Note: Aztecs and Romans….many similarities
3. The Incas: My Land Is Your Land
a. Set in the Andes Mountains of Peru
b. Expansionist in nature
c. Had a professional army, established bureaucracy, unified language and complex system of roads.
d. No large animals….human labor
e. Women were to weave cloth, work fields and care for households.
f. Women could pass property onto daughters and did play a role in religion.
g. Private property did not exist
h. Incas were excellent builders, stone cutters and miners.
(Temple of the Sun in Cuzco and the temples of Machu Picchu)
II. Review of Interactions Among Cultures (600-1450 c.e.)
A. Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion
1. Trade exploded into the world scene.
a. After 1450 the world is inseparable from global interactions.
2. Various Global Trade Routes
a. Mediterranean…Western Europe, Byzantine and Islamic
b. Hanseatic League
c. Silk Roads
d. Land Routes by Mongols
e. Between China and Japan
f. Between India and Peru
g. Trans-Saharan….West Africa and Islamic Empires
Notes: This was aided boats, roads and by monetary systems complete with lines of credit and accounting methods. These trade routes not only shared cultural traits and materials (with each other) but also shared disease such as the Bubonic Plague (Black Death).
B. Expansion of Religion and Empire: Culture Clash
1. Mongol expansion (Russia, Persia, India and China)
2. Germanic tribes into Southern Europe
3. The Vikings to England and Western Europe
4. The Magyars from Eastern and Western Europe
5. Islamic empire into Spain, India and Africa
6. The crusades
7. Buddhist missionaries to Japan
8. Orthodox Christian missionaries into eastern Europe
C. Other Reasons People Were On The Move
1. Elbow room
2. To move capitals to more central locations (after expansion)
3. Pilgrimages
III. Technologies and innovations 600-1450 c.e.
A. Islamic world
1. Paper mills from China
2. Universities
3. Astrolabe and sextant
4. Algebra from Greece
5. Chess from India
6. Modern soap formula
7. Guns and cannons from china
8. Mechanical pendulum
9. Distilled alcohol
10. Surgical instruments
B. China
1. Gun powder and cannons
2. Movable type
3. Paper currency
4. Porcelain
5. Terrace farming
6. Water powered mills
7. Cotton Sails
8. Water clocks
9. Magnetic compass
10. State-run Factories
IV. Changes and Continuities in the Roles of Women
Islam, Christianity,Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism changed the status of women a great deal. Status varied depending from which class the woman was born. Upper class women could assume leadership role if there was no male heir; but women still had many restrictions. This was shown in examples such as foot binding in China, veiling in Islamic world and getting married at a young age in South Asia.
Really Old Stuff: Around 600 to 1450 C.E.
I. Review of History Within Civilizations
A. The Rise of Islam
(In the 7th century the Islam faith rises. The founder was Mohammad, his word was recorded in the Qu'ran and the followers of Islam are called Muslims. To reach salvation followers would have to submit to the will of God by following the Five Pillars of Faith. This was.....confession of faith....prayer five times a day....charity to the needy.....fasting during the month long Ramadan.....pigrimage to Mecca at least once during your life.
1. Allah Be Praised: Islam Takes Hold
a. Mohammad (from Mecca) was exposed to both
Judaism and Christianity: begins preaching Islam
b. this causes conflicts with the leaders of Mecca
c. Mohammad and followers flee to Medina 622C.E.
d. Islam spread throughout Arabian Peninsula
2. The Empire Grows as the Region Splits
a. Mohammad dies in 632C.E.
b. Abu Bakr becomes the new religious leader
(this is known as a caliph......)
c. the first four caliphs were Abu Bakr, Umar,
Uthman and Ali
d. caliphs begin acting like hereditary rulers except
there was no clear line of succesion
e. Ali's son, Hasan, was the last caliph before the
Umayyad Dynasty
Note: As Islam tried to expand further into Europe a Frankish leader named Charles Martel held them back.
3. The Abbasid Dynasty: Another Golden Age to
Remember (from 750-1258
a. a golden age where Arts and Science flourish
b. Capitol city of Baghdad is built
c. Islamis Empire was defeated by Mongols
4. Women and Islam: For Better or Worse
a. women in Arabia couldn't have property rights
b. women were viewed as property of men
c. the Qu'ran changes the status of women greatly
(women were still subservient to men but they
had more dignity, legal rights and were
considered equals under Allah (God)
5. Decline of the Caliphates: Internal Rivalries and
Mongol Invasions
a. Israel had many internal struggles and civil wars
(usually from the Suni and Shia sects)
b. but eventually it is the Mongols who defeat Islam
(during 1258, Mongols overrun Islam and destroy
Baghdad, signalling the end of the Abbasid
Dynasty...people fled to Edypt.)
B. Developments in Europe and Byzantine
(It's now the Middle Ages!!)
1. Byzantine Empire: The Brief Details
a. distinct from Rome
b. Greek Language
c. domed Architecture
d. it's culture was more like Eastern culture
e. their Christianity became a separate branch
(Orthodox Christianity)
f. their rulers ruled with absolute authority
(especially over economy)
2. Impact of Orthodoxy on Russia: Feast in the East
a. In the 9th century St. Cyril converts the Slavic
people of Europe and Russia to Christianity
b. Vladmir, a Russian Prince, also converts
(rumor has it he considered Islam, Judaism, and
Roman Catholism but he chose Orthodox
Christianity because there's no eating restriction
3. Meanwhile Out West: The Franks vs The Muslims
a. Frank tribes settle throughout Western Europe
b. Most tribes convert to Christianity
c. tribes come into contact and form alliances
d. these areas spread far enough to be considered
kingdoms...the most significant being the Franks
4. Charlemagne: The Empire Strikes Back
Note: Centuries pass in Europe after the break up of the Roman Empire, where no empire existed.
a. Charlemagne built the Holy Roman Empire
Note: very little in common with the original Roman Empire other than the power was once again central
b. Rome begins to think of itsself as world leaders
5. The Vikings: Raiders of the Norse
a. Vikings start invading Europe around 800
b. the vikings were merchants and fisherman
c. they had multi-oared boats used to raid upon the
sea, Atlantic Ocean and Inland rivers
6. European Feudalism: Land Divided
a. Feudalism was a social, economic and political
system of the Middle Ages
b. It had a strict heirarchy...King...nobles...vassels
then peasants
7. Height of the Middle Ages: Trading and Crusading
a. towns with wealthy merchants arose
b. Merchants become politically powerful
c. Crusades were also happening
Note: The Crusades were military campaignes undertake by European Christians through the 11th-14th centuries to convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity.
8. The Emergence of Nation States: Power Solidifies
a. In Middle Ages, Europe was organized into a feudal
Kingdom rather than countries
b. Europe begins to organize cultural and linguistic lines
9. What About Russia?
a. In 1242, Russia falls to Taters (Mongols from the East who were led by Ghengis Khan)
b. The Taters rule a large chunk of Russia for 2 centuries
c. by 14th century, Mongol power started to decline
d. Russian princes of Moscovy gain power
e. Ivan III expanded Moscovy territory and declares himself Czar
f. As the center of the East orthodox Church, Moscow was declared the third Rome
C. Developments in Asia
1. China and Nearby Regions
Note: The three strong dynasties during this period....T'ang (618-907c.e.), Song (960-1279c.e.)and Ming (1368-1644c.e.) developed Golden Ages.
a. A Quick Review of the Rise and Fall and.......
(1) beginning in 618 the T'ang ruled
(2) Emperor Xuanzang expanded Chinese territory into Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Korea.
(3) by 907, the empire became so large that local warlords gained so much powered that the T'ang Dynasty collapses
(4) 960, China started the Song Dynasty (Emperor Taizu)
(5) Song eventually falls and Ming comes to power after a brief period of Mongol power.
Notes: During this time printing processes were developed as well as gunpowder, magnetic compasses, junks (type of boat) and other technological advances.
b. Chinese Women: Bound to Lead, Most Just Bound
(1) Wu Zhou became first (and only) Chinese Empress
Note: She was ruthless to adversaries and compassionate to the peasants.
(2) Most women did not get this sort of power; as in most civilizations, women were considered inferior to men.
(3) During the Song Dynasty, foot binding became a popular practice. They would bind a woman's feet shortly after birth so feet would remain small.
c. Religion in China:Diverse Beliefs
Notes: There have been many religious influences, following the Han Dynasty, (Nestorians, Manicheans, Zoroastrians and Islam). But the religion with the most impact was Buddhism.
(1) Buddhism: Mahayana (peaceful and quiet existence) and Chan or Zen (meditation and appreciation of beauty)
(2) Confucianism and Daoism reacted strongly to the spread of Buddhism
(3) Emperor Wuzong destroys thousands of monasteries and reduced the influence of Buddhism
(4) Neo-Confucianism in China (borrowing Buddhist ideas)
2. Japan
Notes: Japan was pretty much isolated for thousands of years; ideas, religions and material goods traveled between Japan and the rest of Asia, but the exchange rate was fairly limited. Not a lot is known about Japan prior to 400c.e. except that they were influenced by Korea. The first important ruling family was the Yamato clan, in the 5th century. Very early, the Shinto Religion took hold in Japan. Shinto means "way of the Gods" and followers worshiped Kami (nature and forces of nature). The goal under Shinto is to become part of the Kami (by following rituals and customs).
a. Can't get enough of China: Go to Japan
(1) sixth century, China greatly influences Japan
(2) 522, Buddhist missionaries went to Japan and brought Chinese culture.
(3) Buddhism spread quickly but doesn't replace Shinto
(4) seventh century, Chinese influence even more
b. Here Comes the Fujiwara: At Home in Heian
(1) 794, capitol moves to Heian
(2) powerful family (Fujiwara) intermarry, over several generations, with the Emperor's family and ran the affairs of the country
(3) Japan's Golden Age under Fujiwara
(4) During the 12th century power was spread to many noble families; this started fights over territories
(5) Japan develops a feudal system like in Europe
c. Feudal Japan
(1) Feudal Systems of Japan starts independently, at (approx) the same time as Europe's
(2) 1192, Yoritomo Minamoto was given the title of Chief general by the Emperor
Note: Nobles were running things...Emperor was just figure head..the guy with the real power was the Chief General.
3. Vietnam and Korea
a. Chinese armies have been in Vietnam and Korea since the Han Dynasty (Korea had it's own independent Dynasty but to maintain a cordial appearance with China, Korea became a Vassal-state of T'ang.
b. Vietnam actively resisted the T'ang armies
c. Confucian education was eventually accepted and trade relationships were formed yet Vietnamese maintain local traditions and continue to revolt against T'ang authorities
4. India
a. The Sultan ate at the Deli: Yes, the Delhi Sultanate
(1) Islamic invaders come to Delhi (with their leader the
Sultan) after defeating the Hindus
(2) 1206: Islam spread through North India for over 200 years
(3) Hindus try to hold onto their religion but the Sultan(offended by Polytheism) works very hard to convert
Note: The Sultan would use force such as destruction of Hindu temples, violence and the building of Mosques to influence the Hindus to convert to Islam.
b. Another Mongol Invasion: Timur Wasn't Timid
Russia, Persia, Central Asia, and china was not enough....the Mongols invade India with the leadership of "Untamed Timur Lang"
D. The Rise and Fall of the Mongols
Notes: Despite being superb horsemen and archers....rivalries between Mongol tribes keep them from unifying and being a world power. This changes when Genghis Khan unifies the Mongol tribes and leads the Mongols on their path of expansion that would lead to the largest empire the world has ever seen. He unified several nomadic tribes and led the Mongol's invasion of China in 1234.
C. Deveolpments in Asia
1. China and Nearby Regions
Note: The three strong dynasties during this period....T'ang (618-907c.e.), Song (960-1279c.e.)and Ming (1368-1644c.e.) developed Golden Ages.
a. A Quick Review of the Rise and Fall and.......
(1) beginning in 618 the T'ang ruled
(2) Emperor Xuanzang expanded Chinese territory into Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Korea.
(3) by 907, the empire becam so large that local warlords gained so much powere that the T'ang Dynasty collapses
(4) 960, China started the Song Dynasty (Emperor Taizu)
(5) Song eventually falls and Ming comes to power after a brief period of Mongol power.
Notes: During this time printing processes were developed as well as gunpowder, magnetic compasses, junks (type of boat) and other technological advances.
b. Chinese Women: Bound to Lead, Most Just Bound
(1) Wu Zhou became first (and only) Chinese Empress
Note: She was ruthless to adersaries and compassionate to the peasants.
(2) Most women did not get this sort of power; as in most civilizations, women were concidered inferior to men.
(3) During the Song Dynasty, foot binding became a popular practice. They would bind a woman's feet shortly after birth so feet would remain small.
c. Religion in China:Diverse Beliefs
Notes: There have been many religious influences, following the Han Dynasty, (Nestorians, Manicheans, Zoroastrians and Islam). But the religion with the most impact was Buddhism.
(1) Buddhism: Mahayana (peaceful and quiet existence) and Chan or Zen (meditation and appreciation of beauty)
(2) Confucianism and Daoism reacted strongly to the spread of Buddhism
(3) Emperor Wuzong destroys thousands of monestaries and reduced the influence of Buddhism
(4) Neo-Confucianism in China (borrowing Buddhist ideas)
2. Japan
Notes: Japan was pretty much isolated for thousands of years; ideas, religions and material goods traveled between Japan and the rest of Asia, but the exchange rate was fairly limited. Not a lot is known about Japan prior to 400c.e. except that they were influenced by Korea. The first important ruling family was the Yamato clan, in the 5th century. Very early, the Shinto Religion took hold in Japan. Shinto means "way of the Gods" and followers worshipped Kami (nature and forces of nature). The goal under Shinto is to become part of the Kami (by following rituals and custums).
a. Can't get enough of China: Go to Japan
(1) sixth century, China greatly influences Japan
(2) 522, Buddhist missionaries went to Japan and brought Chinese culture.
(3) Buddhism spread quickly but does't replace Shinto
(4) seventh century, Chinese influence even more
b. Here Comes the Fugiwara: At Home in Heian
(1) 794, capitol moves to Heian
(2) powerful family (Fugiwara) intermarry, over several generations, with the Emperor's family and ran the affairs of the country
(3) Japan's Golden Age under Fugiwara
(4) During the 12th century power was spread to many noble families; this started fights over territories
(5) Japan develops a feudal system like in Europe
c. Feudal Japan
(1) Feudal Systems of Japan starts independantly, at (approx) the same time as Europe's
(2) 1192, Yoritomo Minamoto was given the title of Cheif general by the Emperor
Note: Nobles were running things...Emperor was just figure head..the guy with the real power was the Cheif General.
3. Vietnam and Korea
a. Chinese armies have been in Vietnam and Korea since the Han Dynasty (Korea had it's own independent Dynasty but to maintain a cordial appearance with China, Korea became a Vassal-state of T'ang.
b. Vietnam activly resisted the T'ang armies
c. Confucian education was eventually accepted and trade relationships were formed yet vietnamese maintain local traditions and continue to revolt against T'ang authorities
4. India
a. The Sultan ate at the Deli: Yes, the Dehi Sultanate
(1) Islamic invaders come to Dehi (with their leader the
Sultan) after defeating the Hindus
(2) 1206: Islam spread through North India for over 200 years
(3) Hindus try to hold onto their religion but the Sultan(offended by Polytheism) works very hard to convert
Note: The Sultan would use force such as destruction of Hindu temples, violence and the building of Mosques to influence the Hindus to convert to Islam.
b. Another Mongol Invasion: Timur Wasn't Timid
Russia, Persia, Central Asia, and china was not enough....the Mongols invade India with the leadership of "Untamed Timur Lang"
D. The Rise and Fall of the Mongols
Notes: Despite being superb horsemen and archers....rivalries between Mongol tribes keep them from unifying and being a world power. This changes when Ghengis Khan unifies the Mongol tribes and leads the Mongols on their path of expansion that would lead to the largest empire the world has ever seen. He unified several nomadic tribes and led the Mongol's invasion of China in 1234.
1. Warning! You are now entering a Golden Age Free Zone
a. The Mongol Civilization was on of territory infrastructure and conquest, but not one of “culture”.
b. The Mongol Empire was so enormous, conquering many different civilizations but did not force a unified religion on any of them.
c. Thou they did not make any advances in the Art’s and Sciences (themselves), their superior infrastructure allowed exchange and spread many ideas.
d. Genghis Khan also established the first pony express and postal system and gave tax breaks to teachers and clergy.
2. How the Mongols Did It: No Rest Until Conquest
a. Mongols burn houses, flatten worship and civil buildings, and if people just gave in….they might spare the city (or not).
b. Mongols could cover 90 miles a day
c. Their bows could be launched from horse back and could range 300yards. (most contemporaries could not shoot while riding)
d. They were separated into units, light cavalry, heavy cavalry and scouting units.
e. Genghis Khan punished traitors swiftly and rewarded courageous acts generously.
3. The Mongol Impact
a. Some Mongols assimilate with those conquered….but some did not or would not…
b. In China, Kublai Khan dismissed Confucian scholars, forbade marriages between Mongols and Chinese and wouldn’t allow the Chinese to learn the Mongol’s language.
c. There were two major consequences of Mongol Rule: The first was Russia didn’t unify or culturally develop as quickly as it’s European neighbors. Secondly, more importantly, world trade, cultural diffusion and awareness grew.
d. Mongol Empire touched Europe and nearly touched Japan; it went to Persia and India making possible to trade but also the transmission of the Black Plague in the 14th century.
e. By 1450, the Mongol Empire was into decline but the world was never again disconnected.
E. Developments in Africa (significant civilizations-Egypt and Carthage)
1. Interactions Kush, Axum and the Swahili Coast
a. Kush and Axum civilizations develop South of Egypt (in the upper reaches of the Nile).
b. Kush developed at the same time as Egypt, and it actually conquered it in 750 b.c.e.
c. Axum rose in the South (modern day Ethiopia). It never conquered anything.
d. Axum did trade with others, especially ivory and gold.
e. In the 4th century, Axum converted to Christianity and in the 7th century many converted to Islam.
2. The Other Side Of The Sand: Ghanda, Mali and Songhai
a. Islamic traders, trade with West African Kingdoms (in Ghanda 800-1000 and Mali 1200-1450 there were tons of gold.
b. Islamic goods coming into Ghanda and Mali were not necessarily good for Ghanda and Mali.
c. This causes an Holy war led by an Islamic group intent on converting or killing them.
d. Even thou they defeated Islam Ghanda went into decline. By the time Mali came into power, everyone was already converted.
3. The Arts in Africa
a. Oral literature- stories (oral histories) passed down from generation to generation (re: Napoleon Dynamite)
b. Sculptures- Early Sub-Saharan African cultures-known for sculptures. The Benin culture mastered bronze sculpting techniques (clay molds around a wax carving…lost wax?)
F. Developments in the Americas
1. Mayan Decline: Where Did They Go?
a. City states/ruled by single king
b. Largely agricultural peasant population (bound to nobility)
c. Poorly drained lowlands of Central America
(built terraces to trap the silt drained by the rivers).
d. Built large cities who were often at odds with each other
e. Social unrest, natural disasters, political dissension, outside invaders all listed as possible reasons for their decline.
2. Aztecs: Trade and Sacrifice (mid 1200’s) (Aztecs also known as Mexica)
a. Tenochtitlan: capitol (modern day Mexico City)
b. Expansionist policy and professional army allowed them to dominate and demand heavy taxes and captives.
c. Warriors were elite.
d. Women had subordinate public roles but could inherit lands (mostly ran the households)
e. Religion tied to military
Note: Aztecs and Romans….many similarities
3. The Incas: My Land Is Your Land
a. Set in the Andes Mountains of Peru
b. Expansionist in nature
c. Had a professional army, established bureaucracy, unified language and complex system of roads.
d. No large animals….human labor
e. Women were to weave cloth, work fields and care for households.
f. Women could pass property onto daughters and did play a role in religion.
g. Private property did not exist
h. Incas were excellent builders, stone cutters and miners.
(Temple of the Sun in Cuzco and the temples of Machu Picchu)
II. Review of Interactions Among Cultures (600-1450 c.e.)
A. Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion
1. Trade exploded into the world scene.
a. After 1450 the world is inseparable from global interactions.
2. Various Global Trade Routes
a. Mediterranean…Western Europe, Byzantine and Islamic
b. Hanseatic League
c. Silk Roads
d. Land Routes by Mongols
e. Between China and Japan
f. Between India and Peru
g. Trans-Saharan….West Africa and Islamic Empires
Notes: This was aided boats, roads and by monetary systems complete with lines of credit and accounting methods. These trade routes not only shared cultural traits and materials (with each other) but also shared disease such as the Bubonic Plague (Black Death).
B. Expansion of Religion and Empire: Culture Clash
1. Mongol expansion (Russia, Persia, India and China)
2. Germanic tribes into Southern Europe
3. The Vikings to England and Western Europe
4. The Magyars from Eastern and Western Europe
5. Islamic empire into Spain, India and Africa
6. The crusades
7. Buddhist missionaries to Japan
8. Orthodox Christian missionaries into eastern Europe
C. Other Reasons People Were On The Move
1. Elbow room
2. To move capitals to more central locations (after expansion)
3. Pilgrimages
III. Technologies and innovations 600-1450 c.e.
A. Islamic world
1. Paper mills from China
2. Universities
3. Astrolabe and sextant
4. Algebra from Greece
5. Chess from India
6. Modern soap formula
7. Guns and cannons from china
8. Mechanical pendulum
9. Distilled alcohol
10. Surgical instruments
B. China
1. Gun powder and cannons
2. Movable type
3. Paper currency
4. Porcelain
5. Terrace farming
6. Water powered mills
7. Cotton Sails
8. Water clocks
9. Magnetic compass
10. State-run Factories
IV. Changes and Continuities in the Roles of Women
Islam, Christianity,Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism changed the status of women a great deal. Status varied depending from which class the woman was born. Upper class women could assume leadership role if there was no male heir; but women still had many restrictions. This was shown in examples such as foot binding in China, veiling in Islamic world and getting married at a young age in South Asia.
Tuesday, July 1, 2008
What's This??
You may be wondering why I started in the middle of the book! I did read and take some notes on the first section of the book but felt I would take more from this section after reading the large History Review. My plan is to go back and read the first section (a second time) and then take more elaborate notes. I will post those notes later.
You may also find the timeline to be a little hard to read (for several reasons). You will need to click on the map to go to the link, then click on the corner to enlarge......then of course scroll left or right as necessary. You may also notice that some of the spellings for the Chinese cultures differ from our readings. These spellings (I believe) are the Western/phoenetic versions of the names.
You may also find the timeline to be a little hard to read (for several reasons). You will need to click on the map to go to the link, then click on the corner to enlarge......then of course scroll left or right as necessary. You may also notice that some of the spellings for the Chinese cultures differ from our readings. These spellings (I believe) are the Western/phoenetic versions of the names.
Monday, June 30, 2008
Chapter Six Outline: History Review through 600 C.E.
My first notebook
Ancient Stuff: Around 8000 B.C.E. to 600C.E.
I. History Review through 600 C.E.
A. Nomads: Follow the food (satisfy basic needs: food and shelter)
Notes: There aren't that many questions on the AP test from this time period but it is good to understand why the development of more stable civilizations was so important. To do this it's important to understand what came before......which is the nomads.
1. Foraging Societies: Hunt and Gather
a. travels from place to place as climate and food became favorable
b. did not build shelters (found them)
c. few personal belongings
2. Pastoral Societies: Taming the animals
a. charactorized by the domestication of animals
b. found in mountanous regions with insufficient rains
c. extented family was important
d. male dominated...females had very few rights
e. social status was based on size of herd....still very few possessions
as they moved from place to place for better grazing lands.
notes: Experiments with cultivating plants to secure a more dependable food supply...this leads to the next trend...."to settle down".
B. Settling Down: The Neolithic Revolution
notes: In a span of several thousand years (approx. 8000 B.C.E. to 3000B.C.E.) people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles. This period is known as the Neolithic (New Stone) Revolution or the Agricultural Revolution. Still not full blown civilizations...still living in small independent groups.
1. Agricultural Societies: This land is my land
a. people start to settle down in small independent groups
b. they start to cultivate plants
c. continue to domesticate animals
d. and begin to use simple tools
2. Important Consequence of Agriculture: A Food Surplus (civilizations
pop up)
a. one man could grow enough food for many
b. people had time to improve particular skills
(individual labor becomes specialized)
c. there was time, people and resources to build towns, create armies,
art, systems for writing etc.
3. Impact of Agriculture on the Enviroment
a. created roads
b. stones used for buildings
c. animals for food and clothing and labor
4. Technology: Metal Workers Deserve Medals
a. man starts inventing more (ie: hoes, plows, weavers, nets, wheels)
b. man starts using metal (bronze, copper, tin) and granite
C. Big, Early Civilizations: The Rivers Deliver
(People use rivers for water, nutrients for soil, transportation and food)
1. Mesopotamia: Lots of Water; Lots of history
(land between rivers: Tigris and Euphrates)
a. Sumerians (twelve month calendar; polytheistic; ziggurats)
b. Bablyon (Code of Hammurabi)
c. Hittites (dominated region; used metal in their weapons)
d. Assyrians (capitol of Nineveh; build empire across the entire
e. Persians (huge empire; built many roads ex.Great Royal Road)
f. Lydians (monetary syatem using coined money rather than barter)
g. Phonecians (powerful Navy and created a simple alphabet)
h. Hebrews (Judaism.... the development of major world religions)
2. Ancient Egypt: Stay Awhile Along the Nile
(Civilization developed along the Nile river)
a. Three Kingdoms (Old, Middle and New)
b. Acheivements (irrigation, pyramids, heiroglyphics, calendars, trading)
c. Polytheism (many gods, afterlife, you can take your stuff with you)
d. Egyptian women (have more rights than Mesopotamian women; they
can buy and sell property and divorce husbands.)
e. Social structure (pyramids showed Egyptian heirarchy; Pharohs first,
then priests, nobles, merchants, artisans then peasants.)
f. Ancient Egypt in Decline (1100 B.C.E. Egypt fell into decline.
Assyrian and Persian Empires conquored parts, then Greeks
occupied it, then Romans absorbed Egypt into their empire.
3. Indus Valley Civilization (from 2500 to 1500 B.C.E.......it stretched 900
miles across the Indus River...major cities; Harappa and Mojhenjo-Daro)
a. the arrival of Ayrans ( Once nomadic Ayrans used horses and
advanced weaponry to defeat the Indus Valley. The Ayrans settled
in the Indus Valley where they gave up their nomadic ways.)
4. Early China: Shang on the Hwang
(Shang China, in Yellow River Valley, used stable agriculture surplus to
build a trade centered civilization.)
a. Focus on Families (extended families were important, patriarchal
structure led by eldest male...they believed gods controlled all
aspects of peoples lives and that spirits of dead ancestors could act
as advocates with the gods.)
b. enter the Zhou (Zhou Dynasty: many of the same traditions and
custums as the Shang Dynasty. They developed a Feudal System.)
5. Mesoamerica and Adean South America: For Every Rule there's an
Exception (two early civilizations)
a. Omec (now Mexico) from 1200 to 1400 B.C.E.
b. Chavin (in the Andes) from 900 to 300 B.C.E.
6. West Africa: Banto Migrations and the " Stateless Society"
a. farmer's in Niger and Benue River Valleys migrate South and East
(this Bantu Migration from 1500 B.C.E. continued for 2000 years,
spreading their languages, agriculture, and metallurgy.)
D. The Classical Civilization: Mesoamerica
(contemporary with Rome, Han and Gupta and developed some of the
same charateristics)
1. The Classical Civilization: In Search of More Slaves(300B.C.E.-800C.E.)
a. Mayans dominated Mexico and Central America (city states;1 king)
b. they designed scholarships, complex calendars, and architecture.
c. Mayan warfare was mainly to gain slaves
d. sacrifices and blood-letting rituals
E. The Classical Civilizations
(AP exam will likely focus on four empires in India and China. They existed from 300 B.C.E. to around 500C.E. These four empires are the Maurya and Gupta in India and the Qin and Han in China.)
1. The Mauryan Empire India (321 to approximately 180 B.C.E.)
a. founded by Chandragupta Mauryan
b. Ashoka Mauryan took empire to greatest heights
c. trade created power and wealth (ex: silk, cotton, elephants)
d. Buddhisms influence on Ashoka
e. Rock and Pillar Edicts (reminding Mauryans to live generous and
righteous lives.)
2. The Gupta Dynasty in India (320-550C.E.)
a. Revival of power under Chandra Gupta
b. the Golden Age
c. Arabic Numerals
d. Hinduism: caste system
e. women lose rights
f. White Huns (550C.E.)
3. The Qin Dynasty in China (221 to around 209 B.C.E.)
a. Great Wall of China
b. Qin Shiuangi (first emperor)
c. Legalism as opposed to Confucianism, Daoism or Buddhism.
4. The Han Dynasty in China (around 200 B.C.E. to around 200 C.E.)
a. Huns (lg nomadic group) invade territories extending from China to
Eastern Europe
b. Wu Ti (warrior emperor): enlarged the Han empire to central Asia
c. Confucianism's civil service exam
d. inventions: paper, highly accurate sundials, and calendars
(as with other civilizations....broadened use of metals)
F. The Classical Civilizations: Mediterranean
(approximately 2000 B.C.E. to around 500 C.E.)
1. Greece
a. civilization on a peninsula between Agean and Mediterranean Sea
(1) agriculture was poor because land was mountainous
(2) good for trade by boat (products like wine and olive products)
b. Social Structure and Civilization: It Takes a Polis...
(1) a polis is a city state
(2) Athens was a political, commercial and cultural polis
(3) Sparta was an agricultural and militaristic polis
(4) Draco and Solon were two aristocrats who created Athenian
democracy
c. Greek Mythology: Many Gods
(1) Greeks were polytheistic.
(2) Greeks believed that their gods had human qualities (and failings)
d. War with Persia: Greece Holds On (unites the Greek polises)
Athens was partly destroyed but the war ended in a stale mate.
(1) Persian Wars: The Persian Empire against Greece
(2) starts the Golden Age of Pericles: Peace and Prosperity
e. The Golden Age of Pericles: Athens Wows the World
(1) Athens repairs its self and becomes a cultural power house and a democracy
(2) Grecian Dram plays were popular (Golden Age had Socrates, Aristotle and Plato)
(3) Delian League; an alliance against aggression from it's common enemies
(4) troubles ahead for Athens: Peloponnesian War
(5) Alexander the Great
note: Alexander the Great expands the Macedonians dominance. They conquered Persia then moved into the Indus River (today's India) creating the largest empire of all time. Alexander divided the empire into three parts; The Antigonid (Greece and Macedon), Ptolemic (Egypt) and Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia).
2. Rome (509 B.C.E.-476 C.E.) Somewhat protected due to the Alps in the North and the Seas
a. Roman Mythology: More Gods (many of their gods came from Greek origins
3. Social Structure in Rome: Organized and Patriarchal
a. patriarchs (land owning noblemen)
b. plebeians (all other free men)
c. Twelve Tables of Rome (the concept of "innocent until proven guilty" originated here)
4. Roman Military Domination: All Directions, All the Time
a. Carthage/Punic Wars
b. Greece/Macedonians
c. Gauls and Spaniards
5. Collapse of the Republic and the Rise of Imperiaism
a. first triumvirate (Pompey, Crassus and Caesar)
b. second triumvirate (Octavius, Marc Anthony and Lepidus
c. under imperial power Rome expanded to it's largest geographical proportions
G. Late Classical Period: Empires Collapse and People on the Move
(200-600C.E. all of the great civilizations the world had known collapses...)
1. Collapse of the Maya????disease or drought??? decline of health???? unrest and warfare????
2. Collapse of Han China (interrupted by Wang Mang from 9-23 C.E.)
3. Collapse of the Gupta Empire (invaded by Huns)
4. Collapse of the Western Portion of the Roman Empire
5. Cultural Diffusion 200-600C.E.
a. silk roads: from China to Europe...was a trading route that took months to cross
b. disease also traveled the same routes
c. as did religious ideas
d. and people....putting down roots in new lands
II. MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS THROUGH 600 C.E.
A. Polytheism
(believing in many gods)
1. polytheism's impact on civilization: center of Art and Architecture
B. Confucianism
(Political and Social Philosophy not religious)
1. practiced by Chinese culture
2. five fundemental relationships: ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older bros and younger
and friend and friend
3. works/compatible with other religions
C. Daoism
1. the way of nature, the way of the cosmos
D. Legalism
1. a belief for tough laws and harsh punishments
E. Hinduism
1. began in India with the Aryan invaders
2. religious as well as social system--the caste system (you are born into your caste or station in life)
3. reincarnation
F. Buddhism
1. focuses on meditation and simplicity
2. No supreme being
3. Four Noble Truths: All life is suffering, Suffering is caused by desire, one can be freed of this desire and
one is freed from this desire by following what is called the eightfold path.
G. Judaism
1. first monotheistic faith
2. practiced by the Hebrews
3. it spawns the other two monotheistic religions, Christianity and Islam
H. Christianity
1. started with the existence of Jesus of Nazareth
Notes: by 600 C.E. interactions through trade, warfare and migration had spread Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism far beyond their areas of origins.
III. TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIONS THROUGH 600 C.E.
A. Farming tools
B. Metallurgy
C. Ability to Manipulate the enviroment
IV. CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES IN THE ROLE OF WOMEN
(Women lose power as people settle down)
Notes: Althou women nearly everywhere were considered less equal to men each society had it's own status for women.
Ancient Stuff: Around 8000 B.C.E. to 600C.E.
I. History Review through 600 C.E.
A. Nomads: Follow the food (satisfy basic needs: food and shelter)
Notes: There aren't that many questions on the AP test from this time period but it is good to understand why the development of more stable civilizations was so important. To do this it's important to understand what came before......which is the nomads.
1. Foraging Societies: Hunt and Gather
a. travels from place to place as climate and food became favorable
b. did not build shelters (found them)
c. few personal belongings
2. Pastoral Societies: Taming the animals
a. charactorized by the domestication of animals
b. found in mountanous regions with insufficient rains
c. extented family was important
d. male dominated...females had very few rights
e. social status was based on size of herd....still very few possessions
as they moved from place to place for better grazing lands.
notes: Experiments with cultivating plants to secure a more dependable food supply...this leads to the next trend...."to settle down".
B. Settling Down: The Neolithic Revolution
notes: In a span of several thousand years (approx. 8000 B.C.E. to 3000B.C.E.) people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles. This period is known as the Neolithic (New Stone) Revolution or the Agricultural Revolution. Still not full blown civilizations...still living in small independent groups.
1. Agricultural Societies: This land is my land
a. people start to settle down in small independent groups
b. they start to cultivate plants
c. continue to domesticate animals
d. and begin to use simple tools
2. Important Consequence of Agriculture: A Food Surplus (civilizations
pop up)
a. one man could grow enough food for many
b. people had time to improve particular skills
(individual labor becomes specialized)
c. there was time, people and resources to build towns, create armies,
art, systems for writing etc.
3. Impact of Agriculture on the Enviroment
a. created roads
b. stones used for buildings
c. animals for food and clothing and labor
4. Technology: Metal Workers Deserve Medals
a. man starts inventing more (ie: hoes, plows, weavers, nets, wheels)
b. man starts using metal (bronze, copper, tin) and granite
C. Big, Early Civilizations: The Rivers Deliver
(People use rivers for water, nutrients for soil, transportation and food)
1. Mesopotamia: Lots of Water; Lots of history
(land between rivers: Tigris and Euphrates)
a. Sumerians (twelve month calendar; polytheistic; ziggurats)
b. Bablyon (Code of Hammurabi)
c. Hittites (dominated region; used metal in their weapons)
d. Assyrians (capitol of Nineveh; build empire across the entire
e. Persians (huge empire; built many roads ex.Great Royal Road)
f. Lydians (monetary syatem using coined money rather than barter)
g. Phonecians (powerful Navy and created a simple alphabet)
h. Hebrews (Judaism.... the development of major world religions)
2. Ancient Egypt: Stay Awhile Along the Nile
(Civilization developed along the Nile river)
a. Three Kingdoms (Old, Middle and New)
b. Acheivements (irrigation, pyramids, heiroglyphics, calendars, trading)
c. Polytheism (many gods, afterlife, you can take your stuff with you)
d. Egyptian women (have more rights than Mesopotamian women; they
can buy and sell property and divorce husbands.)
e. Social structure (pyramids showed Egyptian heirarchy; Pharohs first,
then priests, nobles, merchants, artisans then peasants.)
f. Ancient Egypt in Decline (1100 B.C.E. Egypt fell into decline.
Assyrian and Persian Empires conquored parts, then Greeks
occupied it, then Romans absorbed Egypt into their empire.
3. Indus Valley Civilization (from 2500 to 1500 B.C.E.......it stretched 900
miles across the Indus River...major cities; Harappa and Mojhenjo-Daro)
a. the arrival of Ayrans ( Once nomadic Ayrans used horses and
advanced weaponry to defeat the Indus Valley. The Ayrans settled
in the Indus Valley where they gave up their nomadic ways.)
4. Early China: Shang on the Hwang
(Shang China, in Yellow River Valley, used stable agriculture surplus to
build a trade centered civilization.)
a. Focus on Families (extended families were important, patriarchal
structure led by eldest male...they believed gods controlled all
aspects of peoples lives and that spirits of dead ancestors could act
as advocates with the gods.)
b. enter the Zhou (Zhou Dynasty: many of the same traditions and
custums as the Shang Dynasty. They developed a Feudal System.)
5. Mesoamerica and Adean South America: For Every Rule there's an
Exception (two early civilizations)
a. Omec (now Mexico) from 1200 to 1400 B.C.E.
b. Chavin (in the Andes) from 900 to 300 B.C.E.
6. West Africa: Banto Migrations and the " Stateless Society"
a. farmer's in Niger and Benue River Valleys migrate South and East
(this Bantu Migration from 1500 B.C.E. continued for 2000 years,
spreading their languages, agriculture, and metallurgy.)
D. The Classical Civilization: Mesoamerica
(contemporary with Rome, Han and Gupta and developed some of the
same charateristics)
1. The Classical Civilization: In Search of More Slaves(300B.C.E.-800C.E.)
a. Mayans dominated Mexico and Central America (city states;1 king)
b. they designed scholarships, complex calendars, and architecture.
c. Mayan warfare was mainly to gain slaves
d. sacrifices and blood-letting rituals
E. The Classical Civilizations
(AP exam will likely focus on four empires in India and China. They existed from 300 B.C.E. to around 500C.E. These four empires are the Maurya and Gupta in India and the Qin and Han in China.)
1. The Mauryan Empire India (321 to approximately 180 B.C.E.)
a. founded by Chandragupta Mauryan
b. Ashoka Mauryan took empire to greatest heights
c. trade created power and wealth (ex: silk, cotton, elephants)
d. Buddhisms influence on Ashoka
e. Rock and Pillar Edicts (reminding Mauryans to live generous and
righteous lives.)
2. The Gupta Dynasty in India (320-550C.E.)
a. Revival of power under Chandra Gupta
b. the Golden Age
c. Arabic Numerals
d. Hinduism: caste system
e. women lose rights
f. White Huns (550C.E.)
3. The Qin Dynasty in China (221 to around 209 B.C.E.)
a. Great Wall of China
b. Qin Shiuangi (first emperor)
c. Legalism as opposed to Confucianism, Daoism or Buddhism.
4. The Han Dynasty in China (around 200 B.C.E. to around 200 C.E.)
a. Huns (lg nomadic group) invade territories extending from China to
Eastern Europe
b. Wu Ti (warrior emperor): enlarged the Han empire to central Asia
c. Confucianism's civil service exam
d. inventions: paper, highly accurate sundials, and calendars
(as with other civilizations....broadened use of metals)
F. The Classical Civilizations: Mediterranean
(approximately 2000 B.C.E. to around 500 C.E.)
1. Greece
a. civilization on a peninsula between Agean and Mediterranean Sea
(1) agriculture was poor because land was mountainous
(2) good for trade by boat (products like wine and olive products)
b. Social Structure and Civilization: It Takes a Polis...
(1) a polis is a city state
(2) Athens was a political, commercial and cultural polis
(3) Sparta was an agricultural and militaristic polis
(4) Draco and Solon were two aristocrats who created Athenian
democracy
c. Greek Mythology: Many Gods
(1) Greeks were polytheistic.
(2) Greeks believed that their gods had human qualities (and failings)
d. War with Persia: Greece Holds On (unites the Greek polises)
Athens was partly destroyed but the war ended in a stale mate.
(1) Persian Wars: The Persian Empire against Greece
(2) starts the Golden Age of Pericles: Peace and Prosperity
e. The Golden Age of Pericles: Athens Wows the World
(1) Athens repairs its self and becomes a cultural power house and a democracy
(2) Grecian Dram plays were popular (Golden Age had Socrates, Aristotle and Plato)
(3) Delian League; an alliance against aggression from it's common enemies
(4) troubles ahead for Athens: Peloponnesian War
(5) Alexander the Great
note: Alexander the Great expands the Macedonians dominance. They conquered Persia then moved into the Indus River (today's India) creating the largest empire of all time. Alexander divided the empire into three parts; The Antigonid (Greece and Macedon), Ptolemic (Egypt) and Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia).
2. Rome (509 B.C.E.-476 C.E.) Somewhat protected due to the Alps in the North and the Seas
a. Roman Mythology: More Gods (many of their gods came from Greek origins
3. Social Structure in Rome: Organized and Patriarchal
a. patriarchs (land owning noblemen)
b. plebeians (all other free men)
c. Twelve Tables of Rome (the concept of "innocent until proven guilty" originated here)
4. Roman Military Domination: All Directions, All the Time
a. Carthage/Punic Wars
b. Greece/Macedonians
c. Gauls and Spaniards
5. Collapse of the Republic and the Rise of Imperiaism
a. first triumvirate (Pompey, Crassus and Caesar)
b. second triumvirate (Octavius, Marc Anthony and Lepidus
c. under imperial power Rome expanded to it's largest geographical proportions
G. Late Classical Period: Empires Collapse and People on the Move
(200-600C.E. all of the great civilizations the world had known collapses...)
1. Collapse of the Maya????disease or drought??? decline of health???? unrest and warfare????
2. Collapse of Han China (interrupted by Wang Mang from 9-23 C.E.)
3. Collapse of the Gupta Empire (invaded by Huns)
4. Collapse of the Western Portion of the Roman Empire
5. Cultural Diffusion 200-600C.E.
a. silk roads: from China to Europe...was a trading route that took months to cross
b. disease also traveled the same routes
c. as did religious ideas
d. and people....putting down roots in new lands
II. MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS THROUGH 600 C.E.
A. Polytheism
(believing in many gods)
1. polytheism's impact on civilization: center of Art and Architecture
B. Confucianism
(Political and Social Philosophy not religious)
1. practiced by Chinese culture
2. five fundemental relationships: ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older bros and younger
and friend and friend
3. works/compatible with other religions
C. Daoism
1. the way of nature, the way of the cosmos
D. Legalism
1. a belief for tough laws and harsh punishments
E. Hinduism
1. began in India with the Aryan invaders
2. religious as well as social system--the caste system (you are born into your caste or station in life)
3. reincarnation
F. Buddhism
1. focuses on meditation and simplicity
2. No supreme being
3. Four Noble Truths: All life is suffering, Suffering is caused by desire, one can be freed of this desire and
one is freed from this desire by following what is called the eightfold path.
G. Judaism
1. first monotheistic faith
2. practiced by the Hebrews
3. it spawns the other two monotheistic religions, Christianity and Islam
H. Christianity
1. started with the existence of Jesus of Nazareth
Notes: by 600 C.E. interactions through trade, warfare and migration had spread Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism far beyond their areas of origins.
III. TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIONS THROUGH 600 C.E.
A. Farming tools
B. Metallurgy
C. Ability to Manipulate the enviroment
IV. CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES IN THE ROLE OF WOMEN
(Women lose power as people settle down)
Notes: Althou women nearly everywhere were considered less equal to men each society had it's own status for women.
Sunday, June 29, 2008
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