Chapter Seven Notes
Really Old Stuff: Around 600 to 1450 C.E.
I. Review of History Within Civilizations
A. The Rise of Islam
(In the 7th century the Islam faith rises. The founder was Mohammad, his word was recorded in the Qu'ran and the followers of Islam are called Muslims. To reach salvation followers would have to submit to the will of God by following the Five Pillars of Faith. This was.....confession of faith....prayer five times a day....charity to the needy.....fasting during the month long Ramadan.....pigrimage to Mecca at least once during your life.
1. Allah Be Praised: Islam Takes Hold
a. Mohammad (from Mecca) was exposed to both
Judaism and Christianity: begins preaching Islam
b. this causes conflicts with the leaders of Mecca
c. Mohammad and followers flee to Medina 622C.E.
d. Islam spread throughout Arabian Peninsula
2. The Empire Grows as the Region Splits
a. Mohammad dies in 632C.E.
b. Abu Bakr becomes the new religious leader
(this is known as a caliph......)
c. the first four caliphs were Abu Bakr, Umar,
Uthman and Ali
d. caliphs begin acting like hereditary rulers except
there was no clear line of succesion
e. Ali's son, Hasan, was the last caliph before the
Umayyad Dynasty
Note: As Islam tried to expand further into Europe a Frankish leader named Charles Martel held them back.
3. The Abbasid Dynasty: Another Golden Age to
Remember (from 750-1258
a. a golden age where Arts and Science flourish
b. Capitol city of Baghdad is built
c. Islamis Empire was defeated by Mongols
4. Women and Islam: For Better or Worse
a. women in Arabia couldn't have property rights
b. women were viewed as property of men
c. the Qu'ran changes the status of women greatly
(women were still subservient to men but they
had more dignity, legal rights and were
considered equals under Allah (God)
5. Decline of the Caliphates: Internal Rivalries and
Mongol Invasions
a. Israel had many internal struggles and civil wars
(usually from the Suni and Shia sects)
b. but eventually it is the Mongols who defeat Islam
(during 1258, Mongols overrun Islam and destroy
Baghdad, signalling the end of the Abbasid
Dynasty...people fled to Edypt.)
B. Developments in Europe and Byzantine
(It's now the Middle Ages!!)
1. Byzantine Empire: The Brief Details
a. distinct from Rome
b. Greek Language
c. domed Architecture
d. it's culture was more like Eastern culture
e. their Christianity became a separate branch
(Orthodox Christianity)
f. their rulers ruled with absolute authority
(especially over economy)
2. Impact of Orthodoxy on Russia: Feast in the East
a. In the 9th century St. Cyril converts the Slavic
people of Europe and Russia to Christianity
b. Vladmir, a Russian Prince, also converts
(rumor has it he considered Islam, Judaism, and
Roman Catholism but he chose Orthodox
Christianity because there's no eating restriction
3. Meanwhile Out West: The Franks vs The Muslims
a. Frank tribes settle throughout Western Europe
b. Most tribes convert to Christianity
c. tribes come into contact and form alliances
d. these areas spread far enough to be considered
kingdoms...the most significant being the Franks
4. Charlemagne: The Empire Strikes Back
Note: Centuries pass in Europe after the break up of the Roman Empire, where no empire existed.
a. Charlemagne built the Holy Roman Empire
Note: very little in common with the original Roman Empire other than the power was once again central
b. Rome begins to think of itsself as world leaders
5. The Vikings: Raiders of the Norse
a. Vikings start invading Europe around 800
b. the vikings were merchants and fisherman
c. they had multi-oared boats used to raid upon the
sea, Atlantic Ocean and Inland rivers
6. European Feudalism: Land Divided
a. Feudalism was a social, economic and political
system of the Middle Ages
b. It had a strict heirarchy...King...nobles...vassels
then peasants
7. Height of the Middle Ages: Trading and Crusading
a. towns with wealthy merchants arose
b. Merchants become politically powerful
c. Crusades were also happening
Note: The Crusades were military campaignes undertake by European Christians through the 11th-14th centuries to convert Muslims and other non-Christians to Christianity.
8. The Emergence of Nation States: Power Solidifies
a. In Middle Ages, Europe was organized into a feudal
Kingdom rather than countries
b. Europe begins to organize cultural and linguistic lines
9. What About Russia?
a. In 1242, Russia falls to Taters (Mongols from the East who were led by Ghengis Khan)
b. The Taters rule a large chunk of Russia for 2 centuries
c. by 14th century, Mongol power started to decline
d. Russian princes of Moscovy gain power
e. Ivan III expanded Moscovy territory and declares himself Czar
f. As the center of the East orthodox Church, Moscow was declared the third Rome
C. Developments in Asia
1. China and Nearby Regions
Note: The three strong dynasties during this period....T'ang (618-907c.e.), Song (960-1279c.e.)and Ming (1368-1644c.e.) developed Golden Ages.
a. A Quick Review of the Rise and Fall and.......
(1) beginning in 618 the T'ang ruled
(2) Emperor Xuanzang expanded Chinese territory into Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Korea.
(3) by 907, the empire became so large that local warlords gained so much powered that the T'ang Dynasty collapses
(4) 960, China started the Song Dynasty (Emperor Taizu)
(5) Song eventually falls and Ming comes to power after a brief period of Mongol power.
Notes: During this time printing processes were developed as well as gunpowder, magnetic compasses, junks (type of boat) and other technological advances.
b. Chinese Women: Bound to Lead, Most Just Bound
(1) Wu Zhou became first (and only) Chinese Empress
Note: She was ruthless to adversaries and compassionate to the peasants.
(2) Most women did not get this sort of power; as in most civilizations, women were considered inferior to men.
(3) During the Song Dynasty, foot binding became a popular practice. They would bind a woman's feet shortly after birth so feet would remain small.
c. Religion in China:Diverse Beliefs
Notes: There have been many religious influences, following the Han Dynasty, (Nestorians, Manicheans, Zoroastrians and Islam). But the religion with the most impact was Buddhism.
(1) Buddhism: Mahayana (peaceful and quiet existence) and Chan or Zen (meditation and appreciation of beauty)
(2) Confucianism and Daoism reacted strongly to the spread of Buddhism
(3) Emperor Wuzong destroys thousands of monasteries and reduced the influence of Buddhism
(4) Neo-Confucianism in China (borrowing Buddhist ideas)
2. Japan
Notes: Japan was pretty much isolated for thousands of years; ideas, religions and material goods traveled between Japan and the rest of Asia, but the exchange rate was fairly limited. Not a lot is known about Japan prior to 400c.e. except that they were influenced by Korea. The first important ruling family was the Yamato clan, in the 5th century. Very early, the Shinto Religion took hold in Japan. Shinto means "way of the Gods" and followers worshiped Kami (nature and forces of nature). The goal under Shinto is to become part of the Kami (by following rituals and customs).
a. Can't get enough of China: Go to Japan
(1) sixth century, China greatly influences Japan
(2) 522, Buddhist missionaries went to Japan and brought Chinese culture.
(3) Buddhism spread quickly but doesn't replace Shinto
(4) seventh century, Chinese influence even more
b. Here Comes the Fujiwara: At Home in Heian
(1) 794, capitol moves to Heian
(2) powerful family (Fujiwara) intermarry, over several generations, with the Emperor's family and ran the affairs of the country
(3) Japan's Golden Age under Fujiwara
(4) During the 12th century power was spread to many noble families; this started fights over territories
(5) Japan develops a feudal system like in Europe
c. Feudal Japan
(1) Feudal Systems of Japan starts independently, at (approx) the same time as Europe's
(2) 1192, Yoritomo Minamoto was given the title of Chief general by the Emperor
Note: Nobles were running things...Emperor was just figure head..the guy with the real power was the Chief General.
3. Vietnam and Korea
a. Chinese armies have been in Vietnam and Korea since the Han Dynasty (Korea had it's own independent Dynasty but to maintain a cordial appearance with China, Korea became a Vassal-state of T'ang.
b. Vietnam actively resisted the T'ang armies
c. Confucian education was eventually accepted and trade relationships were formed yet Vietnamese maintain local traditions and continue to revolt against T'ang authorities
4. India
a. The Sultan ate at the Deli: Yes, the Delhi Sultanate
(1) Islamic invaders come to Delhi (with their leader the
Sultan) after defeating the Hindus
(2) 1206: Islam spread through North India for over 200 years
(3) Hindus try to hold onto their religion but the Sultan(offended by Polytheism) works very hard to convert
Note: The Sultan would use force such as destruction of Hindu temples, violence and the building of Mosques to influence the Hindus to convert to Islam.
b. Another Mongol Invasion: Timur Wasn't Timid
Russia, Persia, Central Asia, and china was not enough....the Mongols invade India with the leadership of "Untamed Timur Lang"
D. The Rise and Fall of the Mongols
Notes: Despite being superb horsemen and archers....rivalries between Mongol tribes keep them from unifying and being a world power. This changes when Genghis Khan unifies the Mongol tribes and leads the Mongols on their path of expansion that would lead to the largest empire the world has ever seen. He unified several nomadic tribes and led the Mongol's invasion of China in 1234.
C. Deveolpments in Asia
1. China and Nearby Regions
Note: The three strong dynasties during this period....T'ang (618-907c.e.), Song (960-1279c.e.)and Ming (1368-1644c.e.) developed Golden Ages.
a. A Quick Review of the Rise and Fall and.......
(1) beginning in 618 the T'ang ruled
(2) Emperor Xuanzang expanded Chinese territory into Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Korea.
(3) by 907, the empire becam so large that local warlords gained so much powere that the T'ang Dynasty collapses
(4) 960, China started the Song Dynasty (Emperor Taizu)
(5) Song eventually falls and Ming comes to power after a brief period of Mongol power.
Notes: During this time printing processes were developed as well as gunpowder, magnetic compasses, junks (type of boat) and other technological advances.
b. Chinese Women: Bound to Lead, Most Just Bound
(1) Wu Zhou became first (and only) Chinese Empress
Note: She was ruthless to adersaries and compassionate to the peasants.
(2) Most women did not get this sort of power; as in most civilizations, women were concidered inferior to men.
(3) During the Song Dynasty, foot binding became a popular practice. They would bind a woman's feet shortly after birth so feet would remain small.
c. Religion in China:Diverse Beliefs
Notes: There have been many religious influences, following the Han Dynasty, (Nestorians, Manicheans, Zoroastrians and Islam). But the religion with the most impact was Buddhism.
(1) Buddhism: Mahayana (peaceful and quiet existence) and Chan or Zen (meditation and appreciation of beauty)
(2) Confucianism and Daoism reacted strongly to the spread of Buddhism
(3) Emperor Wuzong destroys thousands of monestaries and reduced the influence of Buddhism
(4) Neo-Confucianism in China (borrowing Buddhist ideas)
2. Japan
Notes: Japan was pretty much isolated for thousands of years; ideas, religions and material goods traveled between Japan and the rest of Asia, but the exchange rate was fairly limited. Not a lot is known about Japan prior to 400c.e. except that they were influenced by Korea. The first important ruling family was the Yamato clan, in the 5th century. Very early, the Shinto Religion took hold in Japan. Shinto means "way of the Gods" and followers worshipped Kami (nature and forces of nature). The goal under Shinto is to become part of the Kami (by following rituals and custums).
a. Can't get enough of China: Go to Japan
(1) sixth century, China greatly influences Japan
(2) 522, Buddhist missionaries went to Japan and brought Chinese culture.
(3) Buddhism spread quickly but does't replace Shinto
(4) seventh century, Chinese influence even more
b. Here Comes the Fugiwara: At Home in Heian
(1) 794, capitol moves to Heian
(2) powerful family (Fugiwara) intermarry, over several generations, with the Emperor's family and ran the affairs of the country
(3) Japan's Golden Age under Fugiwara
(4) During the 12th century power was spread to many noble families; this started fights over territories
(5) Japan develops a feudal system like in Europe
c. Feudal Japan
(1) Feudal Systems of Japan starts independantly, at (approx) the same time as Europe's
(2) 1192, Yoritomo Minamoto was given the title of Cheif general by the Emperor
Note: Nobles were running things...Emperor was just figure head..the guy with the real power was the Cheif General.
3. Vietnam and Korea
a. Chinese armies have been in Vietnam and Korea since the Han Dynasty (Korea had it's own independent Dynasty but to maintain a cordial appearance with China, Korea became a Vassal-state of T'ang.
b. Vietnam activly resisted the T'ang armies
c. Confucian education was eventually accepted and trade relationships were formed yet vietnamese maintain local traditions and continue to revolt against T'ang authorities
4. India
a. The Sultan ate at the Deli: Yes, the Dehi Sultanate
(1) Islamic invaders come to Dehi (with their leader the
Sultan) after defeating the Hindus
(2) 1206: Islam spread through North India for over 200 years
(3) Hindus try to hold onto their religion but the Sultan(offended by Polytheism) works very hard to convert
Note: The Sultan would use force such as destruction of Hindu temples, violence and the building of Mosques to influence the Hindus to convert to Islam.
b. Another Mongol Invasion: Timur Wasn't Timid
Russia, Persia, Central Asia, and china was not enough....the Mongols invade India with the leadership of "Untamed Timur Lang"
D. The Rise and Fall of the Mongols
Notes: Despite being superb horsemen and archers....rivalries between Mongol tribes keep them from unifying and being a world power. This changes when Ghengis Khan unifies the Mongol tribes and leads the Mongols on their path of expansion that would lead to the largest empire the world has ever seen. He unified several nomadic tribes and led the Mongol's invasion of China in 1234.
1. Warning! You are now entering a Golden Age Free Zone
a. The Mongol Civilization was on of territory infrastructure and conquest, but not one of “culture”.
b. The Mongol Empire was so enormous, conquering many different civilizations but did not force a unified religion on any of them.
c. Thou they did not make any advances in the Art’s and Sciences (themselves), their superior infrastructure allowed exchange and spread many ideas.
d. Genghis Khan also established the first pony express and postal system and gave tax breaks to teachers and clergy.
2. How the Mongols Did It: No Rest Until Conquest
a. Mongols burn houses, flatten worship and civil buildings, and if people just gave in….they might spare the city (or not).
b. Mongols could cover 90 miles a day
c. Their bows could be launched from horse back and could range 300yards. (most contemporaries could not shoot while riding)
d. They were separated into units, light cavalry, heavy cavalry and scouting units.
e. Genghis Khan punished traitors swiftly and rewarded courageous acts generously.
3. The Mongol Impact
a. Some Mongols assimilate with those conquered….but some did not or would not…
b. In China, Kublai Khan dismissed Confucian scholars, forbade marriages between Mongols and Chinese and wouldn’t allow the Chinese to learn the Mongol’s language.
c. There were two major consequences of Mongol Rule: The first was Russia didn’t unify or culturally develop as quickly as it’s European neighbors. Secondly, more importantly, world trade, cultural diffusion and awareness grew.
d. Mongol Empire touched Europe and nearly touched Japan; it went to Persia and India making possible to trade but also the transmission of the Black Plague in the 14th century.
e. By 1450, the Mongol Empire was into decline but the world was never again disconnected.
E. Developments in Africa (significant civilizations-Egypt and Carthage)
1. Interactions Kush, Axum and the Swahili Coast
a. Kush and Axum civilizations develop South of Egypt (in the upper reaches of the Nile).
b. Kush developed at the same time as Egypt, and it actually conquered it in 750 b.c.e.
c. Axum rose in the South (modern day Ethiopia). It never conquered anything.
d. Axum did trade with others, especially ivory and gold.
e. In the 4th century, Axum converted to Christianity and in the 7th century many converted to Islam.
2. The Other Side Of The Sand: Ghanda, Mali and Songhai
a. Islamic traders, trade with West African Kingdoms (in Ghanda 800-1000 and Mali 1200-1450 there were tons of gold.
b. Islamic goods coming into Ghanda and Mali were not necessarily good for Ghanda and Mali.
c. This causes an Holy war led by an Islamic group intent on converting or killing them.
d. Even thou they defeated Islam Ghanda went into decline. By the time Mali came into power, everyone was already converted.
3. The Arts in Africa
a. Oral literature- stories (oral histories) passed down from generation to generation (re: Napoleon Dynamite)
b. Sculptures- Early Sub-Saharan African cultures-known for sculptures. The Benin culture mastered bronze sculpting techniques (clay molds around a wax carving…lost wax?)
F. Developments in the Americas
1. Mayan Decline: Where Did They Go?
a. City states/ruled by single king
b. Largely agricultural peasant population (bound to nobility)
c. Poorly drained lowlands of Central America
(built terraces to trap the silt drained by the rivers).
d. Built large cities who were often at odds with each other
e. Social unrest, natural disasters, political dissension, outside invaders all listed as possible reasons for their decline.
2. Aztecs: Trade and Sacrifice (mid 1200’s) (Aztecs also known as Mexica)
a. Tenochtitlan: capitol (modern day Mexico City)
b. Expansionist policy and professional army allowed them to dominate and demand heavy taxes and captives.
c. Warriors were elite.
d. Women had subordinate public roles but could inherit lands (mostly ran the households)
e. Religion tied to military
Note: Aztecs and Romans….many similarities
3. The Incas: My Land Is Your Land
a. Set in the Andes Mountains of Peru
b. Expansionist in nature
c. Had a professional army, established bureaucracy, unified language and complex system of roads.
d. No large animals….human labor
e. Women were to weave cloth, work fields and care for households.
f. Women could pass property onto daughters and did play a role in religion.
g. Private property did not exist
h. Incas were excellent builders, stone cutters and miners.
(Temple of the Sun in Cuzco and the temples of Machu Picchu)
II. Review of Interactions Among Cultures (600-1450 c.e.)
A. Trade Networks and Cultural Diffusion
1. Trade exploded into the world scene.
a. After 1450 the world is inseparable from global interactions.
2. Various Global Trade Routes
a. Mediterranean…Western Europe, Byzantine and Islamic
b. Hanseatic League
c. Silk Roads
d. Land Routes by Mongols
e. Between China and Japan
f. Between India and Peru
g. Trans-Saharan….West Africa and Islamic Empires
Notes: This was aided boats, roads and by monetary systems complete with lines of credit and accounting methods. These trade routes not only shared cultural traits and materials (with each other) but also shared disease such as the Bubonic Plague (Black Death).
B. Expansion of Religion and Empire: Culture Clash
1. Mongol expansion (Russia, Persia, India and China)
2. Germanic tribes into Southern Europe
3. The Vikings to England and Western Europe
4. The Magyars from Eastern and Western Europe
5. Islamic empire into Spain, India and Africa
6. The crusades
7. Buddhist missionaries to Japan
8. Orthodox Christian missionaries into eastern Europe
C. Other Reasons People Were On The Move
1. Elbow room
2. To move capitals to more central locations (after expansion)
3. Pilgrimages
III. Technologies and innovations 600-1450 c.e.
A. Islamic world
1. Paper mills from China
2. Universities
3. Astrolabe and sextant
4. Algebra from Greece
5. Chess from India
6. Modern soap formula
7. Guns and cannons from china
8. Mechanical pendulum
9. Distilled alcohol
10. Surgical instruments
B. China
1. Gun powder and cannons
2. Movable type
3. Paper currency
4. Porcelain
5. Terrace farming
6. Water powered mills
7. Cotton Sails
8. Water clocks
9. Magnetic compass
10. State-run Factories
IV. Changes and Continuities in the Roles of Women
Islam, Christianity,Buddhism and Neo-Confucianism changed the status of women a great deal. Status varied depending from which class the woman was born. Upper class women could assume leadership role if there was no male heir; but women still had many restrictions. This was shown in examples such as foot binding in China, veiling in Islamic world and getting married at a young age in South Asia.
Wednesday, July 2, 2008
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