Chapter Six Outline: History Review through 600 C.E.

My first notebook
Ancient Stuff: Around 8000 B.C.E. to 600C.E.

I. History Review through 600 C.E.

A. Nomads: Follow the food (satisfy basic needs: food and shelter)

Notes: There aren't that many questions on the AP test from this time period but it is good to understand why the development of more stable civilizations was so important. To do this it's important to understand what came before......which is the nomads.

1. Foraging Societies: Hunt and Gather
a. travels from place to place as climate and food became favorable
b. did not build shelters (found them)
c. few personal belongings

2. Pastoral Societies: Taming the animals
a. charactorized by the domestication of animals
b. found in mountanous regions with insufficient rains
c. extented family was important
d. male dominated...females had very few rights
e. social status was based on size of herd....still very few possessions
as they moved from place to place for better grazing lands.

notes: Experiments with cultivating plants to secure a more dependable food supply...this leads to the next trend...."to settle down".

B. Settling Down: The Neolithic Revolution

notes: In a span of several thousand years (approx. 8000 B.C.E. to 3000B.C.E.) people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles. This period is known as the Neolithic (New Stone) Revolution or the Agricultural Revolution. Still not full blown civilizations...still living in small independent groups.

1. Agricultural Societies: This land is my land
a. people start to settle down in small independent groups
b. they start to cultivate plants
c. continue to domesticate animals
d. and begin to use simple tools

2. Important Consequence of Agriculture: A Food Surplus (civilizations
pop up)
a. one man could grow enough food for many
b. people had time to improve particular skills
(individual labor becomes specialized)
c. there was time, people and resources to build towns, create armies,
art, systems for writing etc.

3. Impact of Agriculture on the Enviroment
a. created roads
b. stones used for buildings
c. animals for food and clothing and labor

4. Technology: Metal Workers Deserve Medals
a. man starts inventing more (ie: hoes, plows, weavers, nets, wheels)
b. man starts using metal (bronze, copper, tin) and granite

C. Big, Early Civilizations: The Rivers Deliver
(People use rivers for water, nutrients for soil, transportation and food)

1. Mesopotamia: Lots of Water; Lots of history
(land between rivers: Tigris and Euphrates)
a. Sumerians (twelve month calendar; polytheistic; ziggurats)
b. Bablyon (Code of Hammurabi)
c. Hittites (dominated region; used metal in their weapons)
d. Assyrians (capitol of Nineveh; build empire across the entire
e. Persians (huge empire; built many roads ex.Great Royal Road)
f. Lydians (monetary syatem using coined money rather than barter)
g. Phonecians (powerful Navy and created a simple alphabet)
h. Hebrews (Judaism.... the development of major world religions)

2. Ancient Egypt: Stay Awhile Along the Nile
(Civilization developed along the Nile river)

a. Three Kingdoms (Old, Middle and New)
b. Acheivements (irrigation, pyramids, heiroglyphics, calendars, trading)
c. Polytheism (many gods, afterlife, you can take your stuff with you)
d. Egyptian women (have more rights than Mesopotamian women; they
can buy and sell property and divorce husbands.)
e. Social structure (pyramids showed Egyptian heirarchy; Pharohs first,
then priests, nobles, merchants, artisans then peasants.)
f. Ancient Egypt in Decline (1100 B.C.E. Egypt fell into decline.
Assyrian and Persian Empires conquored parts, then Greeks
occupied it, then Romans absorbed Egypt into their empire.

3. Indus Valley Civilization (from 2500 to 1500 B.C.E.......it stretched 900
miles across the Indus River...major cities; Harappa and Mojhenjo-Daro)

a. the arrival of Ayrans ( Once nomadic Ayrans used horses and
advanced weaponry to defeat the Indus Valley. The Ayrans settled
in the Indus Valley where they gave up their nomadic ways.)

4. Early China: Shang on the Hwang
(Shang China, in Yellow River Valley, used stable agriculture surplus to
build a trade centered civilization.)

a. Focus on Families (extended families were important, patriarchal
structure led by eldest male...they believed gods controlled all
aspects of peoples lives and that spirits of dead ancestors could act
as advocates with the gods.)
b. enter the Zhou (Zhou Dynasty: many of the same traditions and
custums as the Shang Dynasty. They developed a Feudal System.)

5. Mesoamerica and Adean South America: For Every Rule there's an
Exception (two early civilizations)

a. Omec (now Mexico) from 1200 to 1400 B.C.E.
b. Chavin (in the Andes) from 900 to 300 B.C.E.

6. West Africa: Banto Migrations and the " Stateless Society"

a. farmer's in Niger and Benue River Valleys migrate South and East
(this Bantu Migration from 1500 B.C.E. continued for 2000 years,
spreading their languages, agriculture, and metallurgy.)

D. The Classical Civilization: Mesoamerica
(contemporary with Rome, Han and Gupta and developed some of the
same charateristics)

1. The Classical Civilization: In Search of More Slaves(300B.C.E.-800C.E.)
a. Mayans dominated Mexico and Central America (city states;1 king)
b. they designed scholarships, complex calendars, and architecture.
c. Mayan warfare was mainly to gain slaves
d. sacrifices and blood-letting rituals

E. The Classical Civilizations

(AP exam will likely focus on four empires in India and China. They existed from 300 B.C.E. to around 500C.E. These four empires are the Maurya and Gupta in India and the Qin and Han in China.)

1. The Mauryan Empire India (321 to approximately 180 B.C.E.)
a. founded by Chandragupta Mauryan
b. Ashoka Mauryan took empire to greatest heights
c. trade created power and wealth (ex: silk, cotton, elephants)
d. Buddhisms influence on Ashoka
e. Rock and Pillar Edicts (reminding Mauryans to live generous and
righteous lives.)

2. The Gupta Dynasty in India (320-550C.E.)
a. Revival of power under Chandra Gupta
b. the Golden Age
c. Arabic Numerals
d. Hinduism: caste system
e. women lose rights
f. White Huns (550C.E.)

3. The Qin Dynasty in China (221 to around 209 B.C.E.)
a. Great Wall of China
b. Qin Shiuangi (first emperor)
c. Legalism as opposed to Confucianism, Daoism or Buddhism.

4. The Han Dynasty in China (around 200 B.C.E. to around 200 C.E.)
a. Huns (lg nomadic group) invade territories extending from China to
Eastern Europe
b. Wu Ti (warrior emperor): enlarged the Han empire to central Asia
c. Confucianism's civil service exam
d. inventions: paper, highly accurate sundials, and calendars
(as with other civilizations....broadened use of metals)

F. The Classical Civilizations: Mediterranean
(approximately 2000 B.C.E. to around 500 C.E.)

1. Greece
a. civilization on a peninsula between Agean and Mediterranean Sea
(1) agriculture was poor because land was mountainous
(2) good for trade by boat (products like wine and olive products)

b. Social Structure and Civilization: It Takes a Polis...
(1) a polis is a city state
(2) Athens was a political, commercial and cultural polis
(3) Sparta was an agricultural and militaristic polis
(4) Draco and Solon were two aristocrats who created Athenian
democracy

c. Greek Mythology: Many Gods
(1) Greeks were polytheistic.
(2) Greeks believed that their gods had human qualities (and failings)

d. War with Persia: Greece Holds On (unites the Greek polises)
Athens was partly destroyed but the war ended in a stale mate.
(1) Persian Wars: The Persian Empire against Greece
(2) starts the Golden Age of Pericles: Peace and Prosperity

e. The Golden Age of Pericles: Athens Wows the World
(1) Athens repairs its self and becomes a cultural power house and a democracy
(2) Grecian Dram plays were popular (Golden Age had Socrates, Aristotle and Plato)
(3) Delian League; an alliance against aggression from it's common enemies
(4) troubles ahead for Athens: Peloponnesian War
(5) Alexander the Great
note: Alexander the Great expands the Macedonians dominance. They conquered Persia then moved into the Indus River (today's India) creating the largest empire of all time. Alexander divided the empire into three parts; The Antigonid (Greece and Macedon), Ptolemic (Egypt) and Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia).

2. Rome (509 B.C.E.-476 C.E.) Somewhat protected due to the Alps in the North and the Seas
a. Roman Mythology: More Gods (many of their gods came from Greek origins

3. Social Structure in Rome: Organized and Patriarchal
a. patriarchs (land owning noblemen)
b. plebeians (all other free men)
c. Twelve Tables of Rome (the concept of "innocent until proven guilty" originated here)

4. Roman Military Domination: All Directions, All the Time
a. Carthage/Punic Wars
b. Greece/Macedonians
c. Gauls and Spaniards

5. Collapse of the Republic and the Rise of Imperiaism
a. first triumvirate (Pompey, Crassus and Caesar)
b. second triumvirate (Octavius, Marc Anthony and Lepidus
c. under imperial power Rome expanded to it's largest geographical proportions

G. Late Classical Period: Empires Collapse and People on the Move
(200-600C.E. all of the great civilizations the world had known collapses...)

1. Collapse of the Maya????disease or drought??? decline of health???? unrest and warfare????

2. Collapse of Han China (interrupted by Wang Mang from 9-23 C.E.)

3. Collapse of the Gupta Empire (invaded by Huns)

4. Collapse of the Western Portion of the Roman Empire

5. Cultural Diffusion 200-600C.E.
a. silk roads: from China to Europe...was a trading route that took months to cross
b. disease also traveled the same routes
c. as did religious ideas
d. and people....putting down roots in new lands

II. MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS THROUGH 600 C.E.

A. Polytheism
(believing in many gods)

1. polytheism's impact on civilization: center of Art and Architecture

B. Confucianism
(Political and Social Philosophy not religious)

1. practiced by Chinese culture
2. five fundemental relationships: ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and wife, older bros and younger
and friend and friend
3. works/compatible with other religions

C. Daoism

1. the way of nature, the way of the cosmos

D. Legalism

1. a belief for tough laws and harsh punishments

E. Hinduism

1. began in India with the Aryan invaders
2. religious as well as social system--the caste system (you are born into your caste or station in life)
3. reincarnation

F. Buddhism

1. focuses on meditation and simplicity
2. No supreme being
3. Four Noble Truths: All life is suffering, Suffering is caused by desire, one can be freed of this desire and
one is freed from this desire by following what is called the eightfold path.

G. Judaism

1. first monotheistic faith
2. practiced by the Hebrews
3. it spawns the other two monotheistic religions, Christianity and Islam

H. Christianity

1. started with the existence of Jesus of Nazareth

Notes: by 600 C.E. interactions through trade, warfare and migration had spread Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism far beyond their areas of origins.

III. TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATIONS THROUGH 600 C.E.

A. Farming tools

B. Metallurgy

C. Ability to Manipulate the enviroment

IV. CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES IN THE ROLE OF WOMEN
(Women lose power as people settle down)

Notes: Althou women nearly everywhere were considered less equal to men each society had it's own status for women.